Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Last - Assignment Example The intensity of media, as a wellspring of validity, is a device of political influence. The linkage among legislative issues and media has not been investigated broadly with a little exploration interfacing the two. It is critical to investigate on the degree to which influence in news media relies upon the watchers and audience members mentalities towards the news media as an affiliation. One source affirms that individuals who believed the media were vulnerable to plan settings from media data. Different investigations show that individuals will in general embrace the situation of media has, particularly where the host is reliable and educated (Wasserstrom 25). During the political battles, media houses complete pre-surveying reviews and give insights to general society. Now and again, media gives genuine outcomes and now and again non-authentic. Politicians’ motivating forces lead them to support data sources they can control and attempt to lessen the impact of sources ass ociated with rival political groups or with no group (Wasserstrom 34). This is never really negative exposure as depicted by rival lawmakers in a similar race for a political seat. As a method of impacting the public’s conduct on the primary Election Day, most of people in general embraces the media’s story and decisions in favor of or against the specific up-and-comer. In looking at press opportunity, media houses are permitted by law to channel the data they share with open to suit a specific intrigue insofar as the intrigue isn't intended to make viciousness or mischief the general population. Proficient reporting is the best way to guarantee believability in the media to increase open trust. An endeavor to comprehend media opportunity presents media pluralism, which a couple of individuals would restrict on a fundamental level. The media have permitted access to an expansive scope of social articulations and political perspectives, which establish the principal app roaches of the media strategy which legitimately interface media with majority rules system (Wasserstrom 54). This perspectives that media pluralism as a political, hypothetical, or experimental methodology, which is accepted to exemplify the focal clashes in present day contemplating the cultural job of media. Religion contributes in the making of the aggregate cognizance of the dependable, which fabricates solid strict bonds among the Christians. Religion has its own set up institutional systems which gigantically contribute in the establishment of laws and support of harmony and request in a country. In addition, the strict establishments impact the financial status of countries given that the congregation and society are indivisible. Religion additionally assumes a job in the restoration projects of errant citizenry, consequently upgrading harmony and request in the general public. This outcomes in decrease of crime percentage and increment in financial exercises. This outcomes from the little scope enterprise and cultivating done by the restored lawbreakers. Training adds to capable correspondence, which impacts the socialization of residents in legislative issues. For example, verbal correspondence is adequate in correspondence, thus correspondence through composing is additionally stressed. This is on the grounds that imparting verbally improves worrying of focuses and it is all the more enthusiastic contrasted with the composed correspondence. The normal individuals understand that correspondence through composing empowers individuals to acknowledge social communications. Also, the last gives a record of occasions, along these lines in the event that there is a requirement for data reference can be made effectively to the archived composed report. Most of individuals

Elements of a Crime Essay Example

Components of a Crime Essay Components of a Crime (Actus Reus Mens Rea) Model Lesson Plan Source: Original exercise plan. Freebee #2 from David Crump, Criminal Law: Cases, Statutes, And Lawyering Strategies, Lexis Nexis 2005 pg. 117-18. I. Objectives: before the finish of this class understudies ought to have a solid establishment for perusing criminal resolutions and separating comparative wrongdoings. II. Goals a. Information goals: because of this class understudies will be better ready to: I. characterize â€Å"Actus Reus† and â€Å"Mens Rea† ii. comprehend the various degrees of Mens Rea iii. nderstand the contrasts between Washington’s manslaughter rules b. Abilities destinations: because of this class understudies will be better ready to: I. peruse a resolution cautiously and apply it to actuality designs ii. introduce and shield their understandings of the law c. Disposition goals: I. Understudies ought to comprehend that the seriousness of criminal disciplines can fluctuate extraor dinarily relying upon the defendant’s mental state in a way that is to a great extent predictable with the general cultural conviction that purposefully unjust acts are more regrettable than unexpected, yet illegitimate acts. ii. Understudies ought to painstakingly consider the possibly brutal outcomes that happen when assemblies supplant mens rea with exacting obligation. III. Techniques (1)Distribute Handout #1 (Hypos) (2)Read the early on speculative out loud as a class. Request volunteers to respond to the inquiries. a. The class should reach the resolution that Frank did â€Å"cause† Bill’s passing as in on the off chance that he hadn’t moved the mirror in the specific way he did at that specific time, the window washer wouldn’t have been blinded and Bill wouldn’t have slipped. This is a genuine case of â€Å"but for† or â€Å"actual causation† as utilized in Handout #2. We will compose a custom article test on Elements of a Crime explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Elements of a Crime explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Elements of a Crime explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, the law normally just forces risk where the defendant’s direct is the â€Å"proximate cause† of the unsafe occasion/wrongdoing. b. Notwithstanding, it appears Frank didn’t do anything â€Å"wrong. † Try to inspire why this outcome appears to be off-base and compose the class’s thoughts on the whiteboard. (3)Distribute Handout #2 (Elements) (4)Handout #2 Walk through the Elements gift. Be mindful so as to clarify that not the entirety of the components are consistently present in a criminal rule. For instance, endeavored murder doesn’t have a damage component and stopping infringement don’t have a mens rea component, e. g. ne can get a stopping reference for stopping in an impeded spot regardless of whether it was unexpected or a mishap. Besides, the components aren’t impeccably discrete and there is some cover. (5)Distribute Handout #3 (Statutes) a. Clarify that the gatherings will break down the hypos regarding the resolutions gave in Handout #3. The Grades of Homicide are intended to show the progressions mens rea. b. Stroll through the rules and give a simple picture of I. First degree murder: 1. Planned slaughtering. A purposeful executing that was intentional and examined preceding the murdering. . Extraordinary Indifference. Spreads the likelihood that somebody realizes that what they will do will bring about the passing of someone else, and yet doesn’t â€Å"intend† to slaughter. See the bomb hypo in freebee # 1. ii. Second degree murder 1. Purposeful slaughtering without deliberation. The exemplary model is an enthusiasm executing where the crime happens without giving it much thought. iii. First degree homicide 1. Carelessness. Cognizant consciousness of an inadmissible hazard to human life. Foolishness is like outrageous lack of concern, yet the hazard that human life will be lost is less. v. Second degree murder 1. Criminal carelessness. Net deviation from standard of care. v. Legally defined sexual assault 1. No mens rea. Severe risk with a constrained positive resistance where minor distorts age. With an end goal to secure minor youngsters, state governing bodies have put an expanded weight to find out age on the more seasoned gathering. (6)Break into gatherings of 3-5 to apply resolutions to Hypos 1-5. Have bunches assign a correspondent and a recorder. The recorder ought to compose every one of the gathering members’ names on the highest point of gift #1 and furthermore record the group’s answers on the space gave. The Reporter is answerable for clarifying the group’s thinking and end when the class reconvenes. (7)Reconvene Class: approach each gathering to introduce their examination of one hypo. Pose inquiries to push them the correct way in the event that you think they missed something or pose inquiries driving them to shield their answers in the event that you think they took care of business. Note to educator: recommended answers to the hypotheticals are on a different sheet toward the finish of this exercise plan. (8)Take-away: mens rea measures differ broadly from planned goal to exacting obligation. You have to peruse resolutions cautiously to decide the right norm. IV. Assessment a. Gathering execution on composed reactions to Hypos1-5 and class conversation. V. Task a. Compose a one page reaction to the accompanying inquiry: Should Melvin be rebuffed for his relationship with Laura? If not, if you don't mind clarify why. How would you think Washington’s legally defined sexual assault resolution ought to be changed? In the event that you feel that Melvin ought to be rebuffed, it would be ideal if you clarify why. Gift #1: Hypothetical Scenarios Introductory Hypo: Frank is helping his companion move into a midtown Seattle townhouse. While emptying a huge mirror from the moving truck, the splendid daylight hits the mirror and reflects against the 40th floor of the high rise over the road which briefly blinds a window washer and makes him lurch. During this snapshot of impermanent visual deficiency, enduring about a second and an a large portion of, the window washer coincidentally kicks over his window washing basin onto the road beneath. The water and cleanser from the container hit the walkway directly before Bill the jogger. Bill couldn't stop before stepping on the tricky walkway, making him lose his equalization and fall. At the point when Bill fell, he hit his head on the walkway. Bill kicked the bucket fourteen days after the fact from his head injury. Assume that Washington law gives: Anyone who causes the passing of someone else will be blameworthy of homicide. Would Frank be liable of homicide under this law? Would it be advisable for him to be? Gathering Exercise Hypos Instructions: Nominate somebody in your gathering to be the recorder and someone else to be the class columnist. Peruse every theoretical and figure out which resolution, assuming any, applies to the realities of the speculative and whether the respondent has abused the rule. Hypo #1: Sarah is held at firearm point by Roger on a housetop. Roger reveals to Sarah that she should shoot and slaughter Steven. Sarah begs Roger to release her and that she wouldn't like to execute Steven. Roger discloses to Sarah that except if she effectively shoots and slaughters Steven, he will murder Sarah and her whole family. Roger has a brutal notoriety and Sarah has no motivation to accept that Roger won't finish his danger. Roger recognizes Steven strolling on the opposite side of the road and advises Sarah to make the effort. Dreading for the security of her family and herself, Sarah trains in on Steven, measures the breeze and change in height, and shoot an exact shot entering Steven’s heart. What wrongdoings if any has Sarah submitted? Clarify ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Hypo #2: Mildred gets back home from work early just to find her significant other Robert amidst a scurrilous issue with their neighbor Gladys. In unexpected attack of wrath, Mildred snatches a blossom container and crushes it over Gladys’ head thumping her oblivious. With a messed up shard of earthenware from the container, Mildred cuts Robert in the neck. Robert kicks the bucket from unexpected blood misfortune in no time. Subsequent to executing Robert, Mildred hauls Gladys’ oblivious, yet breathing, body into the carport where she attaches Gladys to a lawn seat and pipe tapes her mouth shut to shield her from shouting. Mildred then comes back to the house, readies some hot tea and scrubs down thinking about what she ought to do with Gladys. Subsequent to completing her shower, Mildred conceptualizes in a note pad for a few hours about what she may do with Gladys. Eventually, Mildred concludes that Gladys must pass on for what she has done. Mildred then comes back to the carport where she smoothly shoots and slaughters Gladys with a gun at point clear range. What wrongdoings if any has Mildred submitted? Clarify __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hypo #3: One day, George concludes that he might want to perceive what might occur if he somehow managed to drop a few pounds of high explosives from a turnpike bridge into occupied quick moving traffic. George buys a few pounds of high explosives over the web and afterward goes to a close by bridge sitting above I-5. He drops the explosives before an enormous semi-truck and mumbles to himself, â€Å"I sure expectation no one gets injured. † When the explosives hit the asphalt beneath they right away explode and explode the semi-truck murdering its two tenants. What's more, five additional drivers are murdered in the resulting heap up. What violations if any has George submitted? Clarify _______________

The #1 Secret to Amazing Time and Calendar Management

The #1 Secret to Amazing Time and Calendar Management Everyone makes plans. We do, you do. Plans incorporate multiple aspects of a wanted future situation: what will happen, how, where, and when.Today we are concerned with the ‘when’ of our plans, i.e. with time and calendar management.A well-planned event is placed in time, and that includes the exact date and often hour of its execution.WHAT IS TIME AND CALENDAR MANAGEMENT?This term is somewhat vague. We can manage neither time nor calendar. Hours go by, so do days, weeks, months, years.No one person can change or organize that in any way.But what you can manage is how you spend your time.And it is here that we come across the intended meaning behind this phrase.Time management is a broad term with the meaning of planning when an event will take place.Calendar management is a more narrow term, and it refers to placing a certain event in a particular month, week, and day.They are to some extent, interchangeable, and we will mostly use the phrase ‘time management’ to refer to bo th in this article.WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF TIME AND CALENDAR MANAGEMENT?Time and calendar management are very beneficial, and here is why.1.  Enough Time for EverythingManaging your time makes you think about the exact amount of time you need for an activity.When you know that you have 30 minutes to clean your room and that after that you have to help your family move out the old furniture, you will realize that you have enough time for both activities and that you are left with the whole afternoon off.2.  Clear Picture Writing a to-do list lets you organize your thoughts and this, in turn, gives you a clear picture of is achievable and in how much time.After you have finished your planning, you will find that you have (or do not have) space for going out to get a can of beer with your best friend even though you have a dozen errands to run for the family.3.  Efficient and Productive WorkAnother benefit is the efficiency with which you will fulfill your duties.With a clear picture in your mind, you will be able to focus on one thing at a time and be fast in finishing each task.The logical continuation would be your becoming more productive.When you work with great results, you will become more motivated and less stressed.Productivity and efficiency yield good results and a doing work of high quality. Everyone will be satisfied!4.  Realized GoalsEfficient and productive work naturally leads to more goals being achieved, to more effective work and to a more successful worker.As you realize a bigger number of goals, you will discover your true potential.And you will see that it only took good time management to get you there!WHAT MISTAKES DO PEOPLE MAKE WHEN THEY MANAGE THEIR TIME?Have you ever tried making a to-do list? Have you ever failed to follow it?If you have experienced failure in this field, maybe you made one of these mistakes. 1.  Not PrioritizingNot all tasks are of equal importance.Finding what is more and what is less important allows you to be awa re of how much energy you need for a certain task.Spending too much energy on something insignificant will reduce the effort put into a more important duty.2.  Letting Distractions Get in the WayWe rarely think about distractions when we plan a to-do list.But this is a very realistic and possible situation.How do you deal with a distraction when you encounter one? Do you leave everything else behind and resolve the distraction first?If you do, maybe you should evaluate the emergency of the newfound issue and only then decide when to approach it.3.  Too Much on the ListIt is not a good practice to put too much on your own plate.Are you sure you can do all of that? Instead, why not weeding out the stuff of low importance for today?It is better to do a small number of things and be left with free time than to do a large number of things and be left with more to do and no energy for it.4.  MultitaskingIt may seem like a good idea to match two activities and plan to do them at the same t ime.You would save time this way, right?Well, we beg to disagree.Multitasking, though seemingly saving time, can actually make you less productive.If you focus on more than one thing, it is not likely that you will do your task as well as when you pay attention only to it.5.  Choosing Wrong Time for an ActivityThere is an appropriate timing when certain tasks are most likely to be finished successfully.For example, if you choose to read your emails as your last activity of a day, it may affect your sleep due to much information which will stick in your mind.You should avoid such mistakes and plan your activities based on the timing as well.HOW TO MANAGE YOUR TIME WELL?There are many tips on successful time and calendar management.Some are better, and others are worse. Some are more, and others are less useful.We will take a look at some tips which are in the running for the title of the #1 secret to amazing time and calendar management. 1.  Choose Your GoalsNominee number 1 is a wis dom of bearing in mind the ultimate goal you want to achieve.Based on it, you then choose the appropriate duties and tasks which will be the steps towards achieving the said goal.This may include both short-term and long-term planning.An example of a short-term goal would be cleaning the house. This goal, in particular, can be broken down to many subtasks.These would include doing the dishes, doing the laundry, sweeping or vacuuming the floor, dusting, etc.A long-term goal can be buying a car.Bearing that in mind, you may plan to go to a big supermarket once or twice a month and use discounts on big purchases.You may add finding a part-time job to the list. Then, finding a job is a task which should be decomposed into searching newspapers and the internet, writing a CV, applying, etc.All in all, the ultimate goal gives you the perspective into the future and your tasks a significance.2.  PrioritizeThis advice is very important, as you don’t want to spend too much energy on tasks w hich are not very important and leave the important things behind.The urgent and important scale is very useful in this case. The Eisenhower method is very useful in distinguishing priorities.UrgentNot UrgentImportant12Not Important34If you take a look at the table above, you can see that according to this method, problems under 1 should be done personally as soon as possible. Problems under 2 should be scheduled to a later time. Number 3 are those which should be delegated to someone else, and number 4 should not be done at all.Actually, there are many methods you can use for this.Yes, you can skip this step, but in that case, you will surely see at one point that you are wasting time on something that may have waited or that may have been done by someone else.So, plan carefully and set your priorities.It is quite a useful advice, right? But is it that advice #1 that we are searching?3.  Make Room for Unpredicted SituationsVery rarely do we accomplish our plans without something un predicted comes up. It may be a small obstacle or a big issue.They need to be inserted into the plan list. But can we predict them?Unfortunately, not always.What you should do in order not to let these get in the way of the successful finish of your tasks is to leave some space in your plan for the unpredictable.You will find something to fill your time once everything is done.Basically, what you can do is leave 10 or 15 minutes between the planned activities.This has several advantages. If something comes up out of the blue, you will have time to spare, should you choose to deal with it right away.On the other hand, if nothing occurs, you have free time.Whether you will use it to take a short break or to move on with the next task, it is up to you. Whatever the case, you will surely be happy to have done this.This is a useful piece of advice, don’t you think? Is this the one?4.  Do Not Let Distractions Get in the WayThis tip is connected with the previous one.On the one hand, the re are unpredicted situations which can occur.On the other hand, we live in a world full of distractions.Take your phone into consideration, and be frank â€" when you hear it ring, do you pick it up immediately (or at least have the instinct to do it)?Most people do, even though this is often not necessary.Distractions are quite hazardous for efficiency. Not only do they steal your attention, but they often keep it.Would you not agree that it is much easier to focus on the distraction than on the actual thing you are working on? Can you guess how many distractions there were while this text was being written?Well, we would prefer you not to guess.Would you vote for this to be the tip number 1?5.  Make Plans on TimeThe next candidate for the #1 secret to amazing time and calendar management is calendar-related: plan in advance!It is a matter of great importance to make timely plans which will give you enough time to make changes if they are necessary.You will see the big picture, and it will be easier for you to make the necessary decisions, such as the deadline to be met, the resources to be used, and maybe even some additional help if you need it.According to Brian Tracy, “It takes only about 10 to 12 minutes for you to plan out your day, but this small investment of time will save you up to two hours (100 to 120 minutes) in wasted time and diffused effort through the day.”One more advantage of planning at least a day ahead is that your mind with work on that list during the night and you may think of some very interesting ideas when you get up.Isn’t that fascinating?May this be the one tip without which all the others are just not enough?6.  Focus on One Thing at a TimeThough you may have many things of your list for today, it is advisable never to take on more than one thing at a time.The reason is quite simple â€" multitasking divides your attention on multiple things, in multiple directions; you probably need to think in different ways for each of t hem.This leads to ineffective work and to tasks done half well or not well enough.On the other hand, if you do only one thing from the beginning to the end, without diverting your attention to anything else, you make sure to do your best. It may seem to take you more time this way, but it is actually not.Just imagine revising student’s tests and at the same time planning a school play with a colleague. Which of these two are you doing successfully?It is quite possible that you will either mark a test wrong on miss out on a piece of important information regarding the play.Would you agree that this advice is fairly in the running for the best one?7.  Give Yourself a BreakWhat do you do when you feel tired of work? Do you push yourself to do more or leave everything and go outside? Do you go to sleep or call a friend? Or do you change your office or seat and move on?Do not forget that everyone needs a break. Taking time off helps us regenerate, physically and mentally. It doesn’t matter how much time you need or what you need to do if you feel you really need a pause, make it.It is even smarter to plan several short breaks during a multi-hour work.Although you may not feel tired at the moment of a planned break, you will still recover from the strain, be it a small one, and you will be able to continue work even better than before.The appropriate thing to do is what you feel you need. Sometimes you will need to take a short walk, to drink some water or eat a candy bar.Maybe you will need to do some exercise and get that negative energy out of your system.Sometimes a talk with someone close will do the trick. Whatever it is, don’t deprive yourself of what you need.Being relaxed, it certainly is an appealing tip? But is it the best?8.  Say NoBeing there for others is noble, but there is a time when you need to say no.If you have a lot on your plate and a colleague asks you ‘just to do this one small thing, it will not take you much time’, it would be bes t to reject it.Or make it clear that you will do it only if you manage to finish your own tasks on time.What do you think about this advice? Put your obligations first.This may seem somewhat selfish on first sight, but let us look it from another angle.IF you put aside your duties in order to do another person’s ones, you will subconsciously think about the things that are awaiting you.You will not even be able to help your friend well.You will do them a bad favor, and you will also do your tasks badly. No one wins in that situation, right?But if you choose to finish your work, if there is time for more, you will help a colleague with a clear head, and everything will be done perfectly.Good advice, don’t you think?9.  Choose a Theme for Your DayIf you plan several days ahead, put most (but not all) activities with a similar theme in one day.This way, you will get the most out of it. Your mind will focus on this theme, and you will be productive and efficient.Think about this, as it may be just the thing you need to become a perfect time manager.For example, if you are planning a general cleaning of your house, you may divide the chores by topics â€" wash and arrange clothes one day, do the floors and dusting another day, clean the kitchen and the bathroom the next day.Or you can divide the work by rooms and clean a room or two every day.However, remember to add some diversity to your day as well. Your mind needs a break and variety as well.Be open-minded, if a great idea comes to your mind, and it is planned for another day, write it down and who knows, maybe you will have time at the end of the day to try it.So if you are cleaning the bathroom and you realize that there is a lot of dirty clothes you don’t have to wait for the clothes day to do it, but turn on the washing machine and finish that today.Sorting colorful clothes is definitely a more interesting activity than washing the sink, and it may be just the right thing to help you regain your motiva tion and move on to cleaning the shower, as was planned.10.  Review Your List RegularlyIf you make a long-term plan, it is a good idea to review it occasionally. Maybe some tasks will prove to be unnecessary after some time. You can remove them. Maybe some need to be revised and changed.Maybe some will have to be replaced with something else.Let’s take a look at the following situation â€" you are preparing for a holiday abroad.You have made a list of the things you will pack, the things you need to buy, who will take care of your pet when you are away and who will water your plant.At one moment, the plant dries out, and suddenly you no longer need anyone to water it. Review your list and cross out the unnecessary task.Also, despite the warm clothes you packed, you find out it is going to be quite hot at your destination at the time when you arrive.Review your to-do again and change the clothes you are going to wear during the trip.May this piece prove useful?Yes. Is it good enoug h to become the ultimate one? We are yet to see.FINAL WORDHaving read our text, would you say that any of the aforementioned tips are efficient enough to be declared number one?OR none of them?So, in the end, how should we choose?Well, there is one more thing which should be mentioned and which we have been failing to mention throughout the whole text â€" sticking to the plan.We took this for granted, but maybe we should not have.No matter how good or bad your schedule seems to be (and mind that there is no bad plan, just possible one which not very efficient), if you don’t follow it, you are in for failure.If you don’t stick to your plan, we have written this text in vain, and you have been reading it in vain!So, be your plan elaborate or brief, DO the things on the list and by doing them, all you have mastered the secret to amazing time and calendar management! Don’t procrastinate!

Differences Between Descriptive And Prescriptive Grammar

Venus Engram EN 452 Dr Kate Hickey Feb 9, 2017 What is Grammar? The system of arranging words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language, also referred to as syntax, is the core to understanding what grammar is. Studying how words are formed in language (morphology) is another system that defines grammar. Once this is grasped, it is important to understand the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar, in addition to their significance. Presenting language as it is actually used by writers and speakers of diverse communities in unalike settings and contexts is the agenda of descriptive grammar. In other words, the function of descriptive grammar is to describe rather than legislate. Linguists†¦show more content†¦Instead, the field recognizes the legitimacy of other dialects that will benefit and aid successful grammar instruction (descriptive grammars). With that, it is evident many grammar instructors must change their way of thinking and assemble the descriptive point of view into educating. Roman rhetorician,Quintilian, aimed to use grammar instruction as a means to produce habits of language that would encourage students to become successful and productive citizens (Murphy, 2012). Quintilian’s students created a bank of resources that were intended to assist in creating their own language that should be engaging and effective. This was accomplished by carefully examining how esteemed authors used language in defined written and oral presentations. Grammar instruction became increasingly fragmented as a result (Abbott, 2012; Murphy, 2012). The goal of preparing students to be successful, productive citizens by ,producing habits of effective language, was ultimately lost and replaced with a new goal to master speaking correctly. Exaggeration on â€Å"correct language† use was a consequence of the rapid changes occurring in the English language. Scholars were concerned with the expansion of English dialects which created an urgency to standardize terms of vo cabulary, spelling, and grammar. Standardization efforts caused the publishing of numerous dictionaries, grammars, and pronunciation manuals with an emphasis onShow MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differences Between Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammars888 Words   |  4 PagesGrammar contributes to the meaningful linkage between words and phrases, making sense of a language semantically in a socially agreed framework. To achieve this, rules and principles are laid down to produce a uniform structure of a language usage. Concerning about social acceptability, different theories have been employed to result in different types of grammatical description (O’Halloran, Coffin 2005). 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Language is first and foremost oral; speech as a means of communication has been around for perhaps 200,000 years or more, while writing has existed for only about 6,000 as far as we know. Many languages, including many Native American languages as well as most of the creole languages of the Caribbean, exist without a written tradition. This in no way diminishes their language-ness. Grammar is a setRead MoreCritical Thinking: Reasoning and Inference Essays2817 Words   |  12 PagesChemistry studies the structure, composition, and properties of material substances and the transformations they undergo. The origin, evolution, and development of human society is the object studied by sociology. Economics, biology, geography, and grammar all have objects of knowledge which they investigate, describe, and try to explain. Critical thinking involves a knowledge of the science of logic, including the skills of logical analysis, correct reasoning, and understanding statistical methodsRead More Chomsky and Knowledge of Language Essay3331 Words   |  14 Pagestheory of Chomsky has changed the long, traditional way of studying language. The nature of knowledge, which is closely tied to human knowledge in general, makes it a logical step for Chomsky to generalize his theory to the study of the relation between language and the world-in particular, the study of truth and reference. But his theory has been controversial and his proposal of innate ideas has been resisted by some empiricists who characterize him as rationalist. In our view, these empiricists

Effects Of Tobacco On The United States Essay - 936 Words

Young people may start to be curious about smoking at some point in time in their life. They might like the idea of doing something dangerous or something that makes them look like an adult. Young people do not know that smoking and tobacco use can cause cancer and heart disease. They do not look into the future to worry about the consequences. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States (Persoskie, Donaldson, King, 2016). In this cohort study, there was a research if there was an interest about or ever-utilization of tobacco items among the US middle and high school students changed from 2012 to 2014. The research data came from the 2012 and 2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys of US students in grades 6 through 12 (Persoskie, Donaldson, King, 2016). 2014 data of students who used cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes were classified as ever-users or never-users of each product. The never-users were questioned about their curiosity about each product if they had been definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not been curious about using the products. The evaluated sociodemographics were sex (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic dark, Hispanic, and other), and age (9-14, 15-16, /= 17y) (Persoskie, Donaldson, King, 2016). The National Youth Tobacco Survey data was from the US middle and high school students who did pencil-and-paper, school-based, cross-sectional, and self-administeredShow MoreRelatedTobacco And Its Effects On The United States1985 Words   |  8 PagesTobacco use is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, killing more Americans than HIV, drug and alcohol abuse, suicides, murders and car accidents combined. There are numerous campaigns such as D.A.R.E. and â€Å"Swipe Left† to help persuade us out of using tobacco products. Sayings like â€Å"Not even once† have even become clichà ©. 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The United States government should take control of tobacco companies and ban the marketing, production, and sales of tobacco. This is because health issues contributed to the use of tobacco products are overwhelmingly high; they’re very addictive; the effects of second-hand smoke are as harmful as smoking itself; and an alarmingRead MoreTobacco And Its Effects On The Health Of The United States1255 Words   |  6 PagesKing James of England and Scotland, describing smoking in 1604 (Connolly 13). Tobacco use kills millions of people a year but still only has few legal restrictions. Many argue that the use of tobacco is a right we have in the United States but the harm that it does to the innocent may outweigh those rights. Because the use of tobacco negatively impacts the health of both the users and those around them, all tobacco products and their use should be illegal. 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What is a Coding Free Essays

At first, programming makers, for example, Novell, created restrictive layer 3 tending to. Notwithstanding, the net-working industry has advanced to the point that it requires a typical layer 3 tending to framework. The Internet Protocol (IP) delivers make systems less demanding to both set up and interface with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on What is a Coding? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet utilizes IP tending to give availability to a great many systems around the globe. To make it simpler to deal with the system and control the stream of parcels, numerous associations isolate their system layer tending to into littler parts known as subnets. Switches utilize the system or subnet segment of the IP tending to course movement between various systems. Every switch must be arranged particularly for the systems or subnets that will be associated with its interfaces. Switches speak with each other utilizing steering conventions, for example, Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open form of Shortest Path First (OSPF), to learn of different systems that are available and to compute the most ideal approach to achieve each system in view of an assortment of criteria, (for example, the way with the least switches). Switches and other arranged frameworks settle on these directing choices at the system layer. When passing bundles between various systems, it might end up important to change their outbound size to one that is perfect with the layer 2 convention that is being utilized. The system layer achieves this by means of a procedure known as fracture. A switch’s system layer is normally in charge of doing the discontinuity. All reassembly of divided parcels occurs at the system layer of the last goal framework. Two of the extra elements of the system layer are diagnostics and the detailing of consistent varieties in typical system task. While the system layer diagnostics might be started by any organized framework, the framework finding the variety reports it to the first sender of the bundle that is observed to be outside nor-mal arrange task. Layer 4: â€Å"The Transports†: Layer Four, the transmition layer of the OSI display, offers end-to-end correspondence between end gadgets through a system. Contingent upon the application, the vehicle layer either offers dependable, association situated or con-nectionless, best-exertion correspondences. Identification application. Confirm that enter message arrive intact. Control data. Transmit error detections. Multiplexing or sharing of different sessions over a solitary physical connection Realignment of sectioned information in the right request on the getting side. How to cite What is a Coding?, Papers

August Wilsons Fences Essay Example For Students

August Wilsons Fences Essay It is easy to make the case that August Wilsons play Fences is a tragedy and that Troy Maxson is its tragic protagonist. Few comedies end with a funeral, and there is no denying that Troys character and life are the stuff of tragedy. But Wilsons vision is much larger than Troys heroic side, his deeds and omissions. Troy, for all his strengths, is flawed humanity in need of grace and forgiveness. Such grace and forgiveness are the spirit of true comedy, and a case can be made for viewing Fences as a comedy or, perhaps, a metacomedy. The protagonist of Fences is former baseball player-turned Pittsburgh garbage man Troy Maxson, and the antagonist is clearly racism. It is racism which has defied Troy Maxson at every turn and his skin color stood in the way of his quest to grab a piece of the American dream for himself and his family. Racism creates the conflict, which causes Troy to feel that he has been fenced in by a discriminatory society. It has heated tensions within the Maxson home between Troy and his wife, Rose, and Troy and his son Cory. August Wilson establishes an impression of the 53-year-old Troy Maxson early in Act I, writing that he is a large man with thick, heavy hands; it is this largeness that he strives to fill out and make an accommodation with. Together with his blackness, his largeness informs his sensibilities and the choices he has made in his life He can be crude and almost vulgar, though he is capable of rising to profound heights of expression (1). The central focus of the play is clearly Troy his family relationships, his adulterous affair with Alberta

Biblical Word Study

Biblical Word Study Abstract This paper develops a study of selected words from the bible. Under the counseling category, the paper examines the meaning, usage and derivatives of the words counsel, wisdom and help. Under the addiction category, the study examines the meaning, derivatives and usage of the words wine, desire and restraint.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Biblical Word Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study seeks to examine the usage of the words in the old and new testaments, which are arranged in different paragraphs for every word. Biblical words related to counseling This section examines the biblical usage of the words counsel, help and wisdom. The Blue Letter Bible, a resource site that provides links to other bible versions, is used as the primary study material. Through this site, the study examines the usage of these words in the New American Standard Bible, King James Version and the New King James Version Bibles. Counsel In the bible, the word counsel is the Aramaic translation of ‘dethabar’ in the Old Testament and the Greek word ‘bouleutes’ in the New Testament. In addition, it is the translation of the Hebrew word ‘etsah’ or ‘atsa’. Usage in the Old Testament The word counsel has a number of meanings applied to it in various cases. In other cases, the word is used to mean purpose, devise, and plan or to counsel. The first appearance is in Exodus 18:19, where Jethro was advising Moses to be the people’s representative before God, taking their disputes to Him. Usage in the New Testament There are only two instances of the word counsel in the New Testament. In Zechariah 6:13, the word is used to mean perfect harmony or peace. In Ephesians 1:11, the word counsel is used to mean ‘guidance of the Lord’s plan† (New King James Version Bible, [NKJV], 2011) Wisdom The word wisdom is used to mean kno wledge, understanding or excellent ability to apply knowledge or understanding.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Usage in the Old Testament In the Old Testament, the word is mostly used in Job, proverbs and psalms. For instance, it is used to mean human knowledge or understanding of an idea. In Exodus 35:31, it is used to mean excellent human understanding or experience with a subject. This is also similar in a number of other instances where it is used (American Standard Edition [ ASV], 1901). In job 32:13, the speaker says â€Å"we have found wisdom† while in Job 33:33, the speaker says â€Å"keep silent so that I can teach you wisdom† (King James Version [ KJV], 2000). These cases show that the word also means knowledge obtainable through learning and teaching (Tan, 2011). Usage in the New Testament The word also appears several times in t he New Testament. Like the Old Testament, the word is used to have similar meanings in the New Testament. It is used to mean knowledge, excellent experience with a subject or the right ideas that reside in humans. For instance, in Mathew 13:54, it is used describe the extraordinary knowledge expressed by Jesus as â€Å"where did this man get this wisdom and powers from?† (New American Standard Bible [NASB], 1995) Help This word appears 147 times in the NASB and is used several times in both testaments. In most cases, it is used to mean any form of aid that a person or group of persons can obtain from another person, group or God. In most cases, it is used to show God’s aid, favor, leadership or even mentorship to his people. Usage in the Old Testament In the Old Testament, the word â€Å"help† appears several types and is used to mean the role of God in sustaining his people, protecting them from bad events and enemies and guiding them through difficult times. I t first appears in Genesis 4:1 where Eve says, â€Å"I have received a child with God’s help† Usage in the New Testament In the Old Testament, the word is widely used in reference to any type of aid that a person can get from another or from God. It includes material and immaterial aid. For instance, in Luke 4:38, the word is used to mean immaterial aid given to Simon’s mother-in-law, who was suffering.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Biblical Word Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Biblical words related to addiction This section attempts to examine the biblical usage of the words ‘wine’, ‘desire’ and ‘restraint’. The Blue Letter Bible, a resource site that provides links to other bible versions, is used as the primary study material. Wine Wine was a type of alcoholic drink tradition in the Jewish society. In most cases, it is used together with other types of food. However, it was a highly controlled drink because of its alcohol content. In the Old Testament, wine was a common type of drink among the Israelites as well as their neighbors. For instance, in Genesis 14:18, the bible says that Melchizedek, the king of Salem brought bread and wine (NASB, 1995). It shows that wine was a major offering to the Lord. In addition, drinking wine was a form of entertainment and cerebrations (Froma, 2010). Some cases show that drinking excessive wine was considered unholy (Froma, 2010). For instance, in Judges 13:4, the people are advised, â€Å"do not drink wine or strong drink† (KJV, 2000) Usage in the New Testament In the New Testament, it appears that wine was a highly valued product. It was preserved in special wineskins. In Mathew 9:17, the bible says, â€Å"they put new wine in new wineskins and both materials are preserved† (Froma, 2010). For example, in the book of John, Jesus made wine from water and allow people to drink. Nevertheless, it is also considered as a way of destroying the righteousness.† (NKJV, 2011). In other cases, wine is used as a part of treatment given to injuries. For instance, in Luke 7:33, the bible shows how wine and oil were used to treat wounds. Desire The term desire is used to express a number of meanings in the bible. For instance, it is used to show the willingness to obtain something or physical and emotional drive to take an action of fulfills some need.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Usage in the Old Testament The word â€Å"desire† is used several times in the Old Testament to express several meanings. A number of instances show that the word means the emotional drive to satisfy some need. The first instance is seen in Genesis 3:16 where women are advised to have a desire for their husbands. Similarly, in Genesis 39:7, Pharaoh’s wife developed a great desire for Joseph and ordered him to have sex with her. In other instances, it is used to show the non-emotional drives to achieve something. For instance, in Deuteronomy 5:21, people are required not to desire other people’s property. Usage in the New Testament The word desire is used to show emotional need to take an action or non-emotional willingness to achieve something. In some cases, ‘desire’ is condemned. For instance, in Colossians 3:5, the bible condemns â€Å"impurity, evil desire, passion and greed because they amounts to idolatry† (NASB, 1995) Restraint This wo rd appears only 4 times in the bible. It is used in both the new and old testament to express different meanings. In the Old Testament It is used in chronicles 28:19, God humbled Ahaz, the King of Israel for his unfaithfulness to the Lord and lack of restraint in Judah. Here, it is used to signify the ability to maintain harmony. This is also seen in Isaih 23:10 Usage in the New Testament It is used to show humbleness and ability to sustain harmony. For instance, in Timothy 2:15, women are advised to â€Å"continue in love and faith and restraint† Core biblical themes Counseling is seen as an important aspect of the Jewish community. God, elders, judges, prophets and priests, provided counseling. In addition, there were two types of help- material and immaterial help. Wine was an expensive but addictive product due to alcoholic content. The bible shows the negative impact of excessive drinking of wine. On the other hand, desire is both an emotional and physical passion to ach ieve something. Emotional desire is condemned in some instances for its ability to lead into sin. Summary Counseling was a part of the society. Every community had specialists who provided counseling while God provided help. Addiction was common and mostly seen in wine drinking and the desire for sexual contact. References American Standard Edition (1901). New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons. Froma, W. (2010). Biblical Facts about Wine: Is It a Sin to Drink Wine? New York: Author House. King James Version. (2000). Edinburg: Thomas Nelson Inc. New King James Version Bible. (2011). Edinburg: Thomas Nelson Inc. Tan, S. (2011). Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Christian Perspective By Siang-Yang Tan. London: Baker Academic. New American Standard Bible (1995). New York: The Lockman Foundation.

Career Spotlight What I Do as an Office Manager

Career Spotlight What I Do as an Office Manager tell us a little about who you are, your current position, and how long you’ve been at it.my name is catherine. i am an office manager at realmatch, and i’ve been here about 2 months!   i have a passion for organization, crafting, event planning, and disney movies. i currently have 3 cats, all rescues, and hope to foster pets someday as well. here are some great career options for cat lovers.what drove you to choose your career path?coincidence! my career path started way back in high school when my mom noticed her accountant scrambling in the middle of tax season. she asked them if they needed help, and i went in for an interview. i became an assistant/bookkeeper there and stayed until halfway through college. i then worked at my dad’s law office and an advertising company as an assistant before finally becoming an office manager here at realmatch.how did you go about getting your job? what kind of education and experience did you need?i had a bachelor’ s degree in media studies- but a college degree isn’t necessary to be an assistant, even though it’s preferred. to become an office manager, i needed at least 2-3 years of experience as an assistant, and i had about 8! i learned something different in each position i held, and it all came together to make me the perfect candidate for realmatch.what steps do you need to take to start a career as an office manager?the best way to become an office manager is to begin as an assistant and work your way up. if you need to get your foot in the door, i recommend networking and asking around. get the word out that you are looking for a position as an assistant, and it’s very likely that someone’s mother’s lawyer needs a helping hand at his or her office. a personal connection is always very helpful for getting an interview. luckily, almost every office needs an assistant of some kind. if you want to learn everything about getting a job as an administrative assistant, check out this useful article job spotlight: administrative assistant.from there, you can advance to nearly any position because you will be exposed to all the different departments within the company. for me, the natural evolution from being an assistant was to become an office manager, because i enjoyed all the various tasks i was given.did you need any licenses or certifications?a college degree is always encouraged. in new york city everyone takes the train, but i can see a driver’s license and car being a requirement in other cities/states because there can be some running around involved with the job.becoming a notary public can also be helpful. you will become a valuable asset for your bosses if they can go to you for a notarization instead of finding time in their busy day to go out and find one.it’s important to set the rules and explain to people what you’re expected to help with and what you can do only if your other required tasks are don e.what kinds of things do you do beyond what most people see? what do you actually spend the majority of your time doing?i spend a lot more time thinking and researching things than most people would think. sometimes a thought on how to improve the office will come about and i’ll ponder it, trying to find out if it could work. other times, someone will make a suggestion on how to improve the office or their job, and i’ll take the idea and run with it. i’ll do some research and get in contact with companies to get pricing before bringing it to the managers for their input. usually most decisions come down to budget, so it’s always helpful to have a ballpark on pricing beforehand.what misconception do people often have about your job?within the office, people often have the misconception that it’s your job to do everything they don’t want to do. this can range from cleaning up everyone’s mess around the office to tackling their â€Å"t o do† list items they don’t enjoy. it’s extremely important to speak with your manager and see what he or she expects from  you. it can become very easy to get bogged down with menial tasks that are not necessarily required of you. it’s important to set the rules and explain to people what you’re expected to help with and what you can do only if your other required tasks are done.find a need within your company, and work to fill itanother misconception that a lot of people have is that the job is really easy and anyone can do it. in actuality, it’s much more complex than people think. the tasks themselves aren’t necessarily difficult- it’s juggling all the tasks at once while staying within budget and being efficient that’s a challenge.at my last job, i was doing a walkthrough with a rep from a moving company to get a quote, and about four different people approached me with questions while i was speaking to him. i had to politely advise them that i was handling something at the moment while also needing to listen to the rep and remember who needed what so that after the meeting, i could address it. it’s really easy to lose your concentration, so it very important to stay on task and organized.what are your average work hours?my current hours are 9am – 6pm. this is probably a typical workday for most office managers, but there may be certain offices that work later or prefer you come in before everyone else. most days i only work the 9 hours, but if a big project comes up, i may have to stay a few extra hours or check my email inbox diligently.what personal tips and shortcuts have made your job easier?i strive for efficiency. when things get hectic, i need to be able to get tasks done quickly and accurately. the first step i take is to organize everything within the office. spending a quiet afternoon organizing is definitely worth it in the long run. if someone asks where the staples are, i know exactly where to lead them. in addition, i love to label everything. this way, if someone suspects an item is in a particular closet, they can open the door, look at the labels, and find the item without me.i also love to use evernote to track my tasks. the software can do so much! i have tons of different to-do lists, both for work and my personal life. if i’m working on something and suddenly â€Å"oh yea, i have to pick up the dry cleaning at some point† comes to mind, i’ll quickly switch to my personal to-do list and jot that down. it’s really helpful to clear your mind so that you can focus on the task at hand instead of wondering how you’re going to remember to do that after work. you can also create different notebooks, which i do  for events that are coming up. you can paste links, add website snippets, and so much more!i also find it’s better to get quicker tasks done immediately upon receiving them so i don’t have them in the back of my mind while working or end up forgetting to do them. if i am at a pause point within a big project, i will stop and get a smaller task out of the way. this not only makes my life easier, but it makes the person who requested it really happy!what do you do differently from your coworkers or peers in the same profession? what do they do instead?sometimes when people are not monitoring you, or when you help a lot of different departments, it can be easy to fly under the radar with tasks. oftentimes, people love when they can get paid to do as little as possible. for me, i prefer to be busy than to be relaxing- it makes the time pass more quickly! also, the more you do, the more likely you will be to get a promotion or a raise. if your boss asks the other managers within your company what they think about you when it comes to review time, you want to have as many people as possible giving you glowing reviews. if you plan to ask for a promotion, having everyone backing you up and singing your praises can only help you get the job.what’s the worst part of the job and how do you deal with it?somehow, my days usually end up being either super quiet or crazy busy. i can have nothing major to do all day, then at the last minute three things come up that need attention right away. or there will be a week when everyone’s on vacation and i struggle to find things to do, but the next week they get back and i become so busy, i have to force myself to take a break to get lunch.i deal with it by trying to do things ahead of time. if i know i need to prepare for a new hire that won’t be coming for another 2 weeks but i am free now, i will get as much done as possible so that i’m not overwhelmed if a big project comes in the next week. sometimes i’m so efficient that i surprise myself. i’ve had times where i thought â€Å"uh oh, i forgot to do this!† only to realize that i completed it the week before in anticipation of the deadline. at those moments, i always smile to myself and think â€Å"good job!† and realize that is what others must like about me as well.if your boss asks the other managers within your company what they think about you when it comes to review time, you want to have as many people as possible giving you glowing reviews.what’s the most enjoyable part of the job?getting to talk to and meet new people. when i was in school, i would get in trouble for chit-chatting with people when i was supposed to be quiet. i love that now i can go over to people when there’s a lull and get to know them. it’s especially helpful for new hires, because they’re usually quiet and shy. it’s great to talk to them and get to know them before everyone else and see how much they grow and all the new friends they make at the office.what is an unexpected skill an office manager needs to have?i think having a friendly relationship with the people yo u work with is important as an office manager. i love to be approachable, this way people know that if they have any questions or concerns, they can come to me. you can find out a lot of information about everyone, ranging from office gossip to their feelings about the environment of the company.it’s extremely important to use another critical skill, discretion, to decide what to do with this information. is it suspected that two coworkers have started dating, and there is no policy going against it? keep it to yourself. do people reveal they feel overworked and under-appreciated day after day? suggest to management that since people have been working hard, a treat to say â€Å"thank you† may be in order. by using your social skills, you can possibly prevent a small issue (like people feeling unappreciated) from becoming a big one (like half a department quitting).what kind of money can one expect to make at your job? or, what’s an average starting salary?an off ice manager’s salary can be between $27k and $100k. since that’s a huge range, it’s really important to take a few factors into effect to determine what is accurate. where you live will usually be the biggest determinant, followed by your experience, the office size, and the industry you’re working in.if you are curious, check out the expected salary from spotlight: administrative assistant.how do you â€Å"move up† in your field?the best way to move up is to work hard, always offer to help, and be someone that people can rely on. i also believe owning up to mistakes is always better than trying to hide them. if you offer a solution to your mistake and can fix it, that’s even better.find a need within your company, and work to fill it. create a list of the steps you’ll need to take to accomplish the goals, and create a timeline. if you have a list of deadlines for the goals you wish to accomplish, it’s much easier to track. whe n the date you set for yourself comes up, you can ask questions like â€Å"am i on track with what i wished to achieve?† if the answer is no, figure out where your plan derailed and to get back on track. when it’s time to evaluate your professional growth, you can show your manager the goals you had and the steps you took to achieve them. always keep notes of your biggest accomplishments.   when it is review time a year later, it can become difficult to remember all the things you’ve done!before creating your resume and applying to jobs, think about the tasks you enjoy doing most. highlight those in your resume and look for jobs that match your skills.what do people under/over value about what you do?i think they undervalue the level of organization required. it takes effort to create a routine to know exactly when to order which items so that you’re not overflowing from the cabinets or bone dry. i feel that most people don’t understand everythin g an office manager does until they are not around. when i get back from vacation, everyone tells me how they missed me and how much i am appreciated!as for overvaluing, i find it a bit comical when someone tells me i’m a lifesaver because i told them where the staples are, but i do appreciate their gratitude.what advice would you give to those aspiring to join your profession?before creating your resume and applying to jobs, think about the tasks you enjoy doing most. highlight those in your resume and look for jobs that match your skills. take into account the work environment of a company and your personality and try to find something that suits you.for instance, i love start-ups because they are always changing and conversation is encouraged. i don’t feel that i would thrive in a super corporate environment where my hours must be billable and i had to stay at my desk. above all, always try to keep a positive outlook, no matter what is happening. if you start to fee l frustrated, take a breath, step away for a moment, and come back with fresh eyes and a clear mind.are you ready? apply for office manager jobs here.  catherine sarlis is an office manager at realmatch. she  loves cats, crafts and watching disney movies on lazy saturdays.   you can connect her on linkedin and instagram.

Consumer protection in QATAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer protection in QATAR - Essay Example This is because these individuals cannot protect themselves. The laws protect consumer rights since they are government regulations (Howells and Stephen 86). Consumer protection is usually linked to ideas concerning consumer rights as well as other consumer organizations that assist consumers to make good choices while in the market place and also helps them in accordance to their complaints. A consumer is a person who buys services and goods for direct ownership or use. The intentions of a consumer are, usually, not to use the goods and services for manufacturing and production. Also, the consumer does not resale the goods. There are other organizations which also support consumer protection. They include self-regulating business organizations and government organizations (American Bar Association 138). Examples of self-regulating business organizations include ombudsmen, Federal Trade Commission, consumer protection organizations and agencies and Better Business Bureaus. Consumer protection leads to the development of a fair trading in the marketplace. Additionally, the laws protect the on-going businesses as well as the specific rights of consumers. These laws are also responsible for licensing, selling, buying and renting homes. They are, however, not involved in the profit legislation. The laws ensure that all products sold to consumers have the standard mark of quality (Jackson and Alison 219). The reason for insisting on high standard goods is to reduce the risk of consumers getting negative health effects from the goods and services. In order to be subjected to the mandatory standards, the product must meet the required degree of safety criteria. In case the products fail to meet the specified safety criteria, they are banned from sale. Consumer protection gives buyers the right to a refund in case an unsafe product is sold to them. The laws also issue a safety warning to the public to warn them about services and goods that pose safety risks to the

Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Assignment Example The increased focus on environmental sustainability greatly assists the organization to gain greater public acceptance, which in turn leads to improved profitability and turnover. Similarly, enhanced efficiency is a key feature of the Hsuh’s supply chain. As one understands from the company website, the company has a potential group of employees who are experienced in various supply chain activities. This favorable workplace environment aids the organization to ensure smooth and uninterrupted flow of its different supply chain tasks (Hsuh Ta Corporation Group). The computerized supply chain helps the company to promote effective information sharing and keep its various operations integrated and connected. In addition, the firm has great access to potential financial reserves, and therefore there would not be any delay in production or transfer of finished commodities to the delivery point due to lack of funds. Stock inventory, another KPI of supply chain, gives some crucial information about the operational efficiency of the company. The firm avoids issues associated with under-stock and over-stock of goods. Hence, the Hsuh management has developed improved mechanisms to ensure that there is optimum level of inventory in stock to meet the business needs properly. In addition, the organization is particularly watchful about the dreadful effects of the out-of-stock performance on the business. The management believes that an out-of-stock situation would adversely impact customer satisfaction and loyalty and consequently the company may fail to regain consumer trust. Likewise, the company is committed to maintain adequate levels of throughput, which indicates the actual rate of production. This is necessary to make sure that consumer needs are met adequately and to expand the business landscape in line with the changing

The Main Features Of An Oligopoly

The Main Features Of An Oligopoly This part of the coursework aims to identify and explain the main economic features of an Oligopoly and also the key economic theories which influence the price of a product or service. This part deals with the theoretical aspects of Oligopoly and the later part emphasizes on the practical applications of the theories and oligopoly features. According to Pass et al (2000), Oligopoly, a type of market structure is characterised by a few firms and many buyers, where the bulk of market supply is in the control of relatively few large firms who in turn sell to many small buyers. To describe the degree of oligopoly, concentration ratio is often utilized. Concentration ratio is the measure of the market share of the largest four firms in the industry expressed as a percentage. A low concentration ratio suggests a high level of competition and vice versa for. As there are few players dominating the industry, each player or an oligopolist is said or likely to be aware of others course of actions. The decision taken by one player seems to affect the decision taken by others and strategic planning by the firms needs to take into account the likely response of other participants (Wikipedia, 2010). For example, a proper game of chess depends on how well you read your opponents moves, similarly in oligopoly; strategies are devised ba sed on the moves of competing market firms. The reason for existence oligopoly as stated by Maunder et al (1991) is for the achievement of economies of scale. Firms tend to reduce their average cost of production by increasing their scale of operation and since the small firms have higher average costs, they tend to go out of business or be absorbed by the larger ones. The features of oligopoly are:- Number of Firms:-The very important feature of an oligopoly is the number of firms. Even though there are a large number of firms operating in a particular industry, only a handful of firms hold the major share between them. Interdependence: A very distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. When a very few large firms operate in a particular industry, their activities or strategy cannot be independent of each other. Unlike monopoly, where the monopolist need not worry about the reaction of its rivals as there are none, an oligopolist takes into consideration the possible reactions of all rival firms. For example, a company considering a price reduction of its products may wish to estimate the chances of price reduction by the rival company and hence starting a price war. Profit Maximization Condition: The firms in an oligopoly generally agree to co-operate and act as one monopolist as it generates high profits (Begg and Ward 2007). This kind of formal collusive agreement is called a cartel. An oligopoly maximises profits where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. This is also known as profit maximization condition. Price ELASTIC UNIT ELASTIC P MC, AC PROFIT MAXIMIZING OUTPUT O MR Quantity (Source: Begg and Ward 2007) Perfect Knowledge: Oligopolists are said to have a perfect knowledge about their cost and demand functions but a lesser information about other firms (Wikipedia, 2010). Entry Barrier: One of the main important features of oligopoly also is the entry barrier. There are high entry barriers that restrain a new firm from entering a market. For example, the barriers can be the economies of scale, access to expensive and complex technology, lower costs for an established firm, brand loyalty, patented production process and strategic action by incumbent firms etc. The table below gives the market concentration in different industries. tb_0901 tb_0903 As discussed earlier, the large few firms form a cartel and set a price. Once the members of the cartel agree on the price, they compete against each other using non price competition in order to gain the maximum revenue. There are other various ways in which the firms fix the price. One of them being tacit collusion, where the firms agree on a price set by an established leader. This is also known as dominant firm price leadership as the price setting firm is the dominant firm in the industry. The other way is the barometric firm price leadership, where the price leader is the one whose prices reflect the market conditions in the most stable form (Sloman et al, 2010). To fix prices, the producers must be able to control the market supply. The other forms of price fixing in tacit collusion is average cost pricing, where producers add a certain percentage of profit on top of average costs and price benchmarking, where firms raise the price only up to a benchmark already set. Price fixing is achieved by the competing firms coming together on a platform where they can agree on a common pricing and production strategy thus acting in a manner in which a monopoly operates. This kind of collusion is known as cartelisation. Cartels although banned in many countries, is difficult for the enforcement agencies to gather evidence and penalise the participants. The quantity for the cartel and the individual firm will not be the same as one firm individually will have the scope for further increase in productivity to achieve a situation where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. In such cases firms may decide to go ahead with excess supply which can le ad to a price war and inconsistent revenues to the industry. Even without overt collusion firms in an oligopoly are able to reach a point of profit maximisation when they behave in a manner reflected in Nash Equilibrium (Begg and Ward 2007). 2B) Direct to Home (DTH) television industry in India acting as an oligopoly. India has a total television population of about 135 million of which about 108 million have an access to cable and satellite television (Plugged in, 2010). The total DTH sub base at the end of first quarter in the year 2010 was 23 million (Dish TV India Ltd, 2010) which was about just 1 million in the year 2006. Indian DTH industry has seen a flurry of activities in the recent years after a monopolistic reign by Dish TV for a couple of years. It is currently in a state of Oligopoly with the top four operators controlling nearly 80% of the total market. The major players in the market are Dish TV by Zee group, TataSky- a joint venture by Tata and Star TV, Big TV by Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, Digital TV by Bharati Telemedia and SUN Direct from Sun TV. Since there are only 3 major players in the DTH market, Indian DTH industry is an oligopoly. (Indiadth, 2010) The product offering by the rival firms are more or less similar in nature with little or no product differentiation. Amongst all the players, Sun Direct has essentially remained a regional operator who made a late debut in the national scene. The content or the channels are same with all the operators barring few omissions and additions. The DTH industry market share is as follows. BRAND MARKET SHARE Dish TV 30% TataSky 22% Sun Direct 25% Big Tv 13% Airtel 8% D2H 2% (Source: http://www.pluggd.in/dth-industry-in-india-analysis-297/) From the data above we can see that Dish TV, TataSky and Sun Direct together hold the maximum market share with over 75%. (Source: http://www.slideshare.net/) To confirm the oligopoly, we can use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index or the HHI. It measures the size of the firms in relation to the industry and also indicates the amount of competition between them. Mathematically, download (1) (Adapted from Pass et al, 2000) Here Si = market share of firm i in the market and N is the number of firms. Hence H = 302 + 222 + 252 + 132 + 82 + 22 H = 2246. With this value of H we can conclude that this industry is an oligopoly. Although there is no indication of an overt collusion in the industry, a closer look at their price plan (fig 1.1) can lead us to a strategic or tacit understanding between the players. The market is abuzz with marketing drives to garner market share and the customer is currently loaded with freebies like free installation, free channels and the like. Going by the level of investment and infrastructure the operators need to garner as much subscriber base as possible to be in a profitable proposition. They are however aware of the competition and are refraining from a price war. Such behaviour of the operators is characteristic of a non-price competition in Oligopoly. This is due to the interdependency of firms in the oligopoly and the strategic behaviour can also be referred to the Nash Equilibrium (Begg and Ward 2007). (Source: Slideshare.net/researchonIndia) Brand Name PricePlan(inINR)/month Dish TV 135.00 TataSky 150.00 Sun Direct 115.00 Videocon 136.00 Fig: 1.1 (Source: Company websites, 2010) Now as in any oligopoly, it has to be supported by entry barriers, both endogenous and exogenous. The natural barrier of entry in this particular industry is primarily associated with government licensing and also the intensity of capital investment required. Given that all the DTH operators are already established players in related sectors such as telecom, media it gives them a strategic advantage in terms of distribution and content. For any new entrant it could pose as a strategic entry barrier. Indian DTH market has constantly been attracting different players over the years given the increasing number of television subscribers. Although there have been entry barriers, companies like Videocon along with its cutting edge technology entered into the market in the presence of established players. The cutting edge technology proved to be a barrier breaker. Videocon managed to build television sets with set top boxes which helped it develop its own customer base.

The Guyana Defence Force in National Development

TOPIC: THE GUYANA DEFENCE FORCE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, SOME PERSPECTIVES. THESIS STATEMENT Positive civil-military relationship is vital for the fulfillment of the role and responsibilities of the military. INTRODUCTION No Organization has all the capabilities, resources and expertise necessary to deal with complex challenges in a comprehensive manner in the twenty first century. These challenges are often trans-border, e. g. isease, crime, financial and humanitarian crises. They often require domestic and international cooperation and engagement of multiple governments and international organizations to facilitate effective planning and operations in order to coordinate the efforts of multiple civil, military and non-governmental agencies. The foremost traditional role of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) as enshrined in the Constitution has been to defend the territorial integrity of Guyana.Another role of the Guyana Defence Force is to assist the civil powe r in the maintenance of law and order. The final role is to contribute to the economic development of Guyana when required to do so. In this paper the researcher will show some perspectives of the GDF’s civil-military relations with government and non-government organizations through several units. 1. It is the researcher intention to cover the following areas: a. Civil Defence both locally and in the Caribbean. b.Disaster relief and search and rescue operations through partnership with the civil Defence Commission and the GDF on land, sea and in air. c. Engineering Corps and its role in national development through state craft partnership. d. Agriculture Corps role in agriculture development and its partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture. e. â€Å"Hearts and Minds† operations in rural areas and schools by Medical Corps. f. Air Corps and its support in the area of transportation in the interior location. g. G5 Branch youth development and education.RESTRICTED Bef ore one can adequately assess the topic and provide cogent arguments in support of the thesis, it is important that key words/phrases be satisfactorily defined. Civil-military may be defined as the relationship between civil society as a whole and the military organization established to defend it. Development may be defined as â€Å"to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community†.The role of the GDF in promoting national development refers to those efforts that the Force can undertake to help communities increase not only the quantitative measures of development (earnings capacity) but also the qualitative measures of development-greater life expectancy and reduced illiteracy. ENGINEERING- â€Å"Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976 which assigned specific responsibilities, to the Engineer Corps, for the construction of hinte rland roads and bridges, the upgrading of airstrips, housing projects for low income earners and projects such as the rehabilitation of the hydro-electric power station at Tumatumari†.They were also deployed to assist in the construction of a road from Mahdia to Annai in the Hinterland. A Cooperative credit Union and a Housing Cooperative Society were formed to give individual soldiers and officers the opportunity to construct their own homes at state sponsored schemes at Melanie Damishana, Vryheid’s Lust and Crane villages, on an aided self-help basis. † (National Defence, 74). RESTRICTED This was not lost to the Force administration and is exemplified in the Force’s most recent commitment to engineering projects as detailed in the Stabroek News. Five ranks of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) received keys to new homes at Tuschen Housing Scheme, East Bank Essequibo last week as part of a an ongoing partnership between Habitat for Humanity Guyana; the Ministr y of Housing and the army to assist ranks with affordable housing. † Noteworthy is the commitment of government or non-government organizations to have such partnerships with the Force in this sector, as detailed in he same article, â€Å"Chairman of the Management Board at Habit for Humanity, Alex Graham remarked that the GDF has the capacity to play an integral role in various aspects of the housing response while pointing out that the army can also help in the building of homes for persons outside the GDF family. † HEALTH SERVICES- Life expectancy includes access to affordable medical care and all factors that promote a healthy lifestyle. The Force has a rich history of providing medical services to rural and hinterland villages as part of its medical outreaches.The Force has been impressive in its support to national development in this sector by providing free medical and dental care to thousands of Guyanese. This is not surprising since common to most underdevelop ed countries is the lack of capacity to provide quality medical services as you move away from the cities and main towns. This is the case in Guyana and its exasperated by our demographics, terrain in hinterland areas and the lack of adequate transportation facilities to hinterland and rural areas.The support by the Force in this sector has continued throughout its existence and remains source of kudos as highlighted in the following excerpt from Stabroek News. RESTRICTED â€Å"Close to 200 Upper Berbice River residents benefited from dental and general medical care when a team from the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Medical Corps hosted an outreach exercise there recently. According to the army, residents said they were grateful for the exercise and expressed the desire for a doctor to visit at least once per year†. Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008.EDUCATION –The use of military personnel to augment the efforts of the Ministry of Education to provide education at any l evel and in any area of the country has not been a feature of the Force for any substantive period. Notwithstanding this, one can argue that the efforts by the Force to educate its ranks directly impacts on national development. Since when members of the Force return to civilian life their level of technical and vocational education will have a direct impact on how they are integrated to the countries labour force.Therefore the Force commitment to educating its ranks underscores its efforts to national development in this sector. However, the efforts of the Force to educate its ranks have had its own challenges. The main challenge was the ability of the Force to establish a system that linked educational development with the evolution of soldier’s careers. â€Å"As part of their promotion standards, soldiers are required to attain specified levels of academic education but these standards had to be waived since no formal means existed for upgrading soldiers’ education . The quality and level of success gained in this sector can be improved with better civil- military relations with government and non-government organization. Similar sentiments in regards to the value of these relations were expressed by the Chief of Staff in his 2011 Command Directive. â€Å"In 2011, I plan to establish statecraft partnerships with the Ministries of Education and Health. Education is inclusive of literacy-the ability to read and write, as well as primary school enrollment. Stabroek News Tuesday, August 17, 2010. Best G. A.R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 22. RESTRICTED ECONOMIC- â€Å"The Agriculture Corps was tasked with the development of farms at Onverwagt in Berbice, Butenabu in Mahaicony, Vergenoegen in Essequibo, and at Garden of Eden in Demerara saw the GDF’s economic contribution. This was short lived due to contraction and restructuring of the Force in the late 80’s. However, the structures (organization) still exist for its re implementation. Coast Guard through it protection of our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) allows for greater yields in sea foods for export.Also Air Corps providing qualified pilots to augment those in the PAOC when required. ADMINISTRATION- Officers are seconded to administrative positions in ministries and other government agencies and even the other services of the Joint Services. To date officers have served in various positions in the government: Lt Col Fabian Liverpool served as Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Lt Col Jawahar Persaud as Accountant General (ag) Ministry of Finance, Lt Col Brassington Reynolds as Judge Ministry of Legal Affairs, Lt Col Malcom Mc Andrew as Deputy Director of Prisons, Col LindonRoss as Coordinator CARIFESTA 10 at Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, Col Francis Abrsham as Deputy Director General at Civil Defence Commission. Just to name a few (there are Major’s Monroe and Craig at CDC, Major Baird at Ministry of Agricultu re, and 5 other officers who were at Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the 90’s. both Officers and other Ranks are trained to re enter society where they make the contribution to the country example; Col Ulrice Pilgrim at BARAMA, Col Ross still at Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, Major Generals Joseph Singh and Norman Mc Lean at GT&T and OMAI respectively.In this area it is clearly stated how the GDF contribute to the economic development of this country. AVIATION- Air Corps augment the Private Aircraft Owners Association and can do medical evacuations from Interior Locations, and facilitate the transportation of Good and People to and from interior locations. Air Corps provides local flights at a cheaper cost thereby making it affordable to small businessmen/businesswomen and low income earners to travel to and from the hinterland regions. RESTRICTED This unit makes it possible to access areas particularly where fixed wing aircraft cannot land.It provides positive civil-m ilitary relations by search and rescue operations through partnership with the civil Defence Commission and the GDF on land, sea and in air. The success of the Force involvement in these ventures is commendable, however, the Force was unable to remain committed to such ventures as a single source agency as time progress. This was due to lack of resources; both human and mainly material. Therefore, one can argue that a civil-military relation framework by way of partnership with a government or non-government would have enhanced the Force’s longevity in its commitment to such ventures.Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75. This demonstrates that there is clear recognition by non-government agencies that good civil-military relations are beneficial to both parties. Further the Force will not be required to singlehandedly seek out and forge these partnership. Fostering this perception of the Force, there remain numerous areas in this sector where th e Force, the private sector, and government and non-government organizations can benefit from good relations. No one entity can satisfy the commercial, security and safety requirements for aviation support in Guyana.The wide expanse of hinterland settlements, the limited aircraft and technically trained personnel suggests that there is room for all stake holders to make a positive impact in this sector. The Guyana Defence Force recognizes and accepts it has a role to play in National Development. This is exemplified in the many initiatives and projects the Force has been involved throughout its existence primarily in Engineering, Health Services, Education, Economic, Administrative and Aviation Sectors. The question of how the Force will be most effective in fulfilling its role of contributing to National Development has been answered.RESTRICTED The Force must embrace partnership with government and non-government agencies in those sectors where we are poised to make an impact on Na tional Development. This pursuit and ultimate realization of good civil-military relations will enhance the Force capacity to contribute to national development activities. The Maritime Corps was equipped with trawlers and started fishing on a commercial scale. A good civil-military relationship is imperative if the Force is to attempt to fulfill the last of its tripartite role.This will see the involvement of community groups and the Force working in unison to achieve goals at the national level. Civil-military relations will also allow for the development of both individual and national capacities. Good civil-military relations between the GDF and the country at large will pave the way for both the organization and civil society to learn from each other. Consequentially, the knowledge and on-site training of youths in technical areas could be boosted from the Force’s involvement in community developmental projects.Former President Jagdeo in his address at the Force’s Re-engineering to Enhance National Defence and Security forum said â€Å"The traditional focus of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) will have to be shifted to ensure the better use of the country’s resources. † (Stabroeknews, 11 February 2010). The then commander in chief correctly stated that â€Å"traditionally the GDF has been structured to maintain peace at the borders and the territorial integrity of the country† and noted â€Å"the country does not anticipate going to war with any of its neighbours and it has not been to war for most of its history. â€Å"But you have this huge pool of talented people in the military and we can’t have them wait on a war with our neighbours. † (Stabroek News, 11 February 2010). While the case for the shifting of the Force’s traditional focus is still being made, and the GDF continues to look for means to show its relevance in today’s society, the GDF has the capacity to play a formidable role in v arious aspects of development in Guyana through proper partnership between governmental and nongovernmental agencies and the GDF. RESTRICTEDThe logistics and human resources needed for the full involvement in national development currently does not exist and as such significantly hamper any attempts by the Force to fulfill this mandate. While the Force does not currently play a grand role in national development, such a role is not alien to the organization. With the right logistics and financial support the GDF can play a role in national development. Conversations with local citizenry and former GDF soldiers would conjure up vignettes of a GDF that was once fully involved in and committed to national development.Literature and newspapers archive validate these vignettes. This excerpt shows the extent of the Guyana Defence Force involvement in national development. Civil-military relations were the backbone of these developmental projects; often a time GDF sought the assistance of villagers to provide adequate human resources needed for the successful completion of assigned projects. President Jagdeo in his address at the Force’s Re-engineering to Enhance National Defence and Security forum said â€Å"The traditional focus of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) will have to be shifted to ensure the better use of the country’s resources. (Stabroeknews, 11 February 2010). The then commander in chief correctly stated that â€Å"traditionally the GDF has been structured to maintain peace at the borders and the territorial integrity of the country† and noted â€Å"the country does not anticipate going to war with any of its neighbours and it has not been to war for most of its history. † â€Å"But you have this huge pool of talented people in the military and we can’t have them wait on a war with our neighbours. † (Stabroek News, 11 February 2010). RESTRICTEDWhile the case for the shifting of the Force’s traditional foc us is still being made, and the GDF continues to look for means to show its relevance in today’s society, the GDF has the capacity to play a formidable role in various aspects of development in Guyana through proper partnership between governmental and nongovernmental agencies and the GDF. The logistics and human resources needed for the full involvement in national development currently does not exist and as such significantly hamper any attempts by the Force to fulfill this mandate.While the Force does not currently play a grand role in national development, such a role is not alien to the organization. With the right logistics and financial support the GDF can play a role in national development. Medical Corps can conduct medial outreach to hinterland and hard to access areas of Guyana. This unit can carry its sensitization and education programmes to the schools, NGOs and vulnerable groups and communities. Engineer Corps can construct roads, buildings and bridges.Finally, Agriculture Corps can develop commercial farms in all counties of Guyana. In concluding, Positive civil-military relations is vital for the fulfillment of the role and responsibilities of the military. The researcher proposes the formulation of a GDF civil-military policy. Also the establishment of a GDF Civil-Military Protocol; currently, there remains no policy or protocol that speaks to civil-military relations for national development.A civil military policy will comprehensively explain what the GDF intends to achieve through civil- military relations and more importantly, how it intends to achieve its national developmental goals. Creation of a GDF Civil-Military Office is necessary. Having the Force’s civil- military affairs guided under a single office allows for greater management and direction of civil-military affairs. A Force civil-military officer should be identified to lead a civil-military office.Amongst his/her duties should be the preparation of the civil-mi litary portions of operations and administrative plans and orders, advising the G3 on the Force’s requirement for Civil Military cooperation, dealing with liability claims from civilians, providing advice and assistance to other staff branches in the use of civil labour and local medical facilities and provide assistance as applicable with: population movement control , civil Engineer assistance, procurement of material from local sources and civil logistic assistance, cooperation with local and national authorities on matters relating to civil defence.It will be critical that the national development agenda be in sync with that of the GDF in order to allow for easier access to funding and resource allocations for national development projects. A clearly defined support structure is necessary in order to ensure the longevity of GDF’s full participation in national development. Guyana Defence Force is an organization which once played a critical role in the national dev elopment of Guyana, and in doing so, met and executed its mandate of contributing to the economic development of Guyana. Today, the same cannot be said of the Force.However, should attempts be made to refocus the Force’s time and resources towards national evelopment, civil-military relations will definitely be an area in need of grave attention. The establishment of a civil-military policy should be the first thing that must be put in place. Formulating a civil-military policy will be necessary to define the scope and modus operandi of the Force. RESTRICTED REFERENCES Best G. A. R. (2010) Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force. Guyana Defence Force Best G. A. R (2011) Chief of Staff Command Directive.Guyana Defence Force Granger D. A. (1975) The new road. Guyana Defence Force. (Pg 75) David Granger. National Defence. A brief history of the Guyana Defence Force, 1965-2005. Free Press Georgetown 2005. Free Press. Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state: theory a nd practice of civil-military relations. Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Johnson, J. (1981). The role of the military in underdeveloped countries. Top of Form Naison Ngoma, Civil-Military Relations: searching for conceptual framework with an African Bias. Available at http://www. ssafrica. org/pubs/Books/civmilzambiaaug04/Ngoma. pdf. Accessed Oct. 25 2012. RESTRICTED Stabroeknews. WPA concerned over move to set up intelligence agency. Available at http://www. stabroeknews. com/2010/archives/02/11/wpa-concerned-over-move-to-set-up-intelligence-agency/. Accessed Oct. 30 2012. United Nations Development Programme. What We Do. Availabel at http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/overview. html. Accessed Nov. 25 2012. Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. Stabroek News Tuesday, August 17, 2010. 2 p. Chief of Staff of the RE RES