Business Organisation and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Organisation and Policy - Essay Example Where as, if the country has a government, which prefers large companies and even sometimes the government invests a lot to pull the sick companies, definitely the sentiments would be in favour of size. In a condition of economical boom, most of the people seek their entrepreneurial dreams to come true. The venture capitalists are there to help them out in this. Situations become gloomy in economic downturn. Venture capital firms would be in no position to help them out. In such a situation, big companies can sustain for long than the small ones. The situation can be seen from other point of view also. For an example, an industry, whose demand has decreased drastically; a large company, being in that industry, would get hit badly than the smaller ones. The smaller ones would incur less cost than the bigger ones. Even the economic downturn can be encouraging for the entrepreneurial business. In such a scenario employment opportunities would get squeezed. Many people would be inspired to have their own business this time. Even in recession time, companies prefer to squeeze themselves; by cutting on their employee size or selling off some of the non profitable divisions of a conglomer ate. Sometimes some social reasons can encourage a company to be whether small entrepreneurial or of larger size. Social pressure can play an important role to create emotions in favour of the entrepreneurship. Technology has encouraged having smaller entrepreneurial companies; but taking the help from the bigger ones. The small companies grow using the servers of the big companies; taking the help from their research and development. Sometimes large companies can have problems in communicating between themselves; the centred management information system might not be efficient enough to carry on the co-ordination within the business systems; that time the

Tuberculosis Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuberculosis Disease - Essay Example In the same vein, elderly people are seen as vulnerable victims due to failing immune system (Landau, 1995). According to research, in their early years, carriers already had the bacterium in them but the development is slow and manifesting lately in their older years. The nature of the disease can take years to become active, so an older person may have acquired the disease earlier in their life, but the bacterium can be active in the latter years (Landau, 1995). Pathophysiology. TB is a disease caused by germs that could be transmitted from person to person via airborne droplets that is infected with the Mycobacterium. The bacteria when inhaled travels directly to the alveoli through respiration (Landau, 1995). Inhaling the droplets via airborne from the person infected with TB by other person standing close to the carrier will surely make the person the new TB bacteria carrier. The belief that TB is transmittable by contact with a person's clothing, bed linens, or dishes and cooking utensils was voided of by recently-conducted research, stating that the bacteria can be acquired via direct contact (Landau, 1995). Signs and Symptoms. The most common symptom of the pulmonary tuberculosis is the persistent cough. ... In the United States the statistics data of TB declined. Since 1993, the number of cases of the TB patients reached to the lowest point according to the study conducted by University of Wisconsin in 2003 due to the recent medicinal discovery (Todar, 2005). Impact on community. Studies showed that ten to fifteen million Americans are carriers of inactive tubercle bacilli in their bodies, until it gradually develops in their later years. In the conventional setting of everyday human interactive, the possibility to transmit the bacteria from one person to another is very high (Landau, 1995). Less than ten percent of people who acquired the tubercle bacillus through inhaling the agent, however, become ill. The rest of the percentage shows no development of symptoms. In this case, it is said that the disease is inactive even when bacilli are stored in cells (Landau, 1995). When one person in the family is a carrier of tubercle bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is more likely that the whole family is inflicted with inactive bacterium. Upon social interaction in the community, the family could also transmit to other people the disease nesting upon them (Hyde, 1994). History shows evidence that this disease can affect society, as the break down of TB during 1700's to 1800's that caused the "white plague" among many countries. This suggests that it could wipe out even the whole community if prevention and awareness are not readily made available (Hyde, 1994). Prevention and risk factors. Awareness and education about TB is one of the most effective prevention measures of this disease. Sanitation in dwelling places including the air to breathe and taking up appropriate medicinal

Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone?

Should Higher Education be Free for Everyone? Introduction By the end off this essay I will be explain how the system work I will be talking about how education can effect people i will also carry out a research on the background history of how the higher education system and its funding in UK over past years and I will analyse some off the point which I have researched over the internet and analysed .I will show the advantages and disadvantages if higher education should be free Higher Education University is an important right of passage an opportunity to establish independence, to study on areas of interest and hopefully to do so in, stimulating environment meeting new people, and considering new ideas and .I think it is important that everyone should attend this stage Higher education is provided for free in by most off the countries, or maybe at a a considerate price , but not in the UK, The UK has presumably more money at the institutions disposal. However, it also means that higher education may be not that unaffordable to many people at a lower circumstances. Scholarships and loans As we how that there is scholarships and loans available now but scholarships are obviously not going to be available to everyone and the loans are the loan is a big debt after graduating so as you can see the student dont have a chance in either however to soclize the higher education in the U.K we will need a big overhaul system that will handled with care. The Government has said half of young people are getting into higher education is failing. Far from rising by around 4 per cent a year. maybe this is why higher education is not free the government cant afford to invest money on student education and student are failing . Well we should consider education to be an investment.   Statistics suggest that, on average, these with a higher education earn higher incomes.   THE Background When the New Labour took power in 1997, students had means-tested maintenance grants and no fees. After a year they took off the grant was gone and a means-tested fee regime of up to  £1,000 a year after 2004 the higher education pushed it up to  £3,000 and this will increase very academic year. As you see that huge increase from 1997 to 2009 the normal fees was 1,000 than was increased to  £3250 The means testing will allow poor people and people with low income to go university .Those how are from low income families should still be able to attend university however the middle classes benefits the most from university education At the moment there has been a very high drop out rate from university and the reason is because students have to drop out because they cant afford the fee Funding Must universities in Britain are state financed, with only one private university University of Buckingham where the government does not support the tuition fees. Undergraduate and posgradute Undergraduate students and the students from EU countries have to pay university fees up to a maximum of  £3,225 09/10. Loans are available to students depending on there income assist. This may only be used for tuition fee costs. However in Scotland it different they have their fees paid by the students awards agency for Scotland rather than student Finance.. However postgraduate students are responsible for all there fees but however postgraduate have a variety of scholarship and assistantship schemes they might chooses from that may provide support e.g Economic and social research council and many more .The main sources of funding for postgraduate students are through research councils Advantages of making Higher Education Free Here are some off the advantages points Higher Education leads to situations this is when students graduating end up having extremely high debt on them this was lead to the student loan . Also if higher education was free student will take extra courses which is more effectively It will decrease the students from drop out ,and push up the passing rate This will than boost the economy with the amount off student graduating from there universities with a degree There will be equal opportunity to everyone to attend higher education this means the poor people and the low-income families will have the right to apply .As you can see that the middle class people are using this opportunity using the money and leaving the poor and low incomes missing the opportunity Disadvantages of making Higher Education Free There will be less jobs available for everyone the reason because the people who didnt attend university was a high number and by making the higher education free it will increases the graduates and will than decreases the amount of jobs available The disadvantage about free higher education is that the government will be paying it but however the stistics shows that half off the higher education student fail there course every year this will than show an down decrease in the economic structure Supply and demand The Supply and demand is an economic of price in a market. It explains that in a market, price will function to equal the quantity demanded by consumers, and the quantity supplied by producers, resulting in economic equilibrium of price and quantity. The demand schedule, shows a graphically as the demand curves , represents the amount of goods that buyers who wants to purchase at different prices. The price of goods remain the same however Following the law demand the demand curve is almost always represented as downward line this means that if the price decreases the consumers will buy more of the good. This means that if higher education was to be free the demand on the education will increase .The reason because the people who didnt mange to go for reasons like the fees for the courses they will have an opportunity to apply however there will be a very high demand as because the students use to pay for it now it free. As you can see on the graph Excess Supply   If the price is set too high, excess supply will be created within the economy and there will be allocative inefficiency. , but those consuming the goods will find the product less attractive and  purchase less because the price is too high This is how it looks like when higher education is not free ,the fees are too high and student will not be able to attend just how it shown on the graph Shifts A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when a goods quantity demanded or supplied changes even though price remains the same. For example if the fees for the university was FREE and the quantity of off student applying shows the demanded However this shows that if higher education was free there will be an increase in demand Conclusion In conclusion I have identified how higher education should be free to students managed to find out what the student thought about free education I also showed what the advantages was for the free education and the disadvantages I managed to get some ideas however I also used the supply and demand and excess supply I managed to compare them and analysed them .I researched the background of the higher education and got some important information which I also analysed . http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26storycode=403698c=2 http://ingrimayne.com/econ/Introduction/ScarcityNChoice.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/mar/04/highereducation.tuitionfees http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2337183.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom http://www.economicshelp.org/2007/10/why-top-up-fees-are-good-idea.html Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency | Correllation Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency | Correllation From 2000 to 2005, thirty-one South Carolina counties showed an increase in the number of juveniles placed in secure detention. A total of 5,330 juveniles were detained during the fiscal year 2004-2005 (Childrens Law Office: Juvenile Detention in South Carolina, 2006, p. 6) Delinquency is an increasing issue in South Carolina, and there is much speculation that delinquency is increasing due to early or current experiences with abuse. According to Mentalhelp.net, abuse is defined as misusing or mistreating someone in such a way that shows no concern for the worth of that person (Patricelli, 2005). Abuse takes several different forms such as, physical, emotional, and sexual. Physical abuse includes throwing, shooting, stabbing, burning, drowning, suffocating, biting, or deliberately disfiguring a child. Included in this category is shaken-baby syndrome (SBS)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Emotional abuse or neglect is manifested by constant criticism and rejection of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Sexual abus e refers to the exploitation of children through rape, incest, and molestation by parents, family members, friends, or legal guardians (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 261). Juvenile delinquents who are victims of abuse may turn to antisocial/delinquent behaviors to act out their frustrations from their childhood and/or current trauma. Green and Brown-Voeltz defined three categories of sexual offenses, hands-off offenses, hands-on offenses, and grooming gamesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Hands-off offenses include, peeping, exhibitionism, obscene phone calls, picture-taking, showing pornography, lewd comments, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hands-on offenses include fondling, oral sex, penetration finger, penis, or object, and ejaculation on the victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Grooming games include, wrestling, truth or dare, simon says, penalty hide and seek, etc. Signs of physical abuse include, the child having unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones, or black eyes, injuries that reflect the shape of an object, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Signs of sexual abuse include, the child reporting sexual abuse, having difficulty walking or sitting, bedwetting, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The child showing extremes in behavior (overly compliant or demanding behavior, extreme passivity, or aggression), attempting to commit suicide or harms themselves, etc (Childrens Law O ffice, 2005, p. 5-7) Dr. Gaudiosis research states, during 2007, an estimated 3.2 million referrals involving the maltreatment of approximately 5.8 million children were referred to CPS agencies (2007). In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that out of 4,734,310 victimizations by single offenders, about 16.8% of the offenders were perceived to be ages ranging from twelve to seventeen. Also in 2007, out 1,207,340 victimizations by multiple offenders, about 34.9% of the offenders were perceived to be ages ranging from twelve to twenty (Gaudiosi, 2007). This information reflects that there are a large number of abused children and children victimizers. One might wonder how many of these young offenders were abused or are abused. One could also go as far as to ask what form of abuse these children endure throughout their childhood. Concentrating on South Carolina juvenile delinquents is an appropriate choice due to the fact that in areas such as this crime is sometimes perceived as a non-issue. One might ask, why concentrate on juveniles from fourteen to seventeen years of age? At these ages, most teens are known to rebel and act out. Some might assume that abused teens have more freedom to participate in deviant criminal acts because they are at an age where they are under less supervision. These are also the ages where peer pressure is prevalent. Besides being at an age when rebelling is considered natural, juveniles at these ages are more likely to give into peer pressure. This is due to a sense of needing to belong. The purpose of this study was to examine and discuss South Carolina juveniles ranging in age from fourteen to seventeen in juvenile detention centers that are or have been abused physically, emotionally, or sexually in their childhood. This research will explore why abused juveniles act out through delinquent acts. This research also explored the impact on more effective therapy/counseling and programs for delinquents. It is a popular belief that people turn to crime because they were abused, but not all abused teens react to their abuse in a violent or deviant manner. However this research identifies a strong correlation between abuse and delinquency. The social significance of this research is to acknowledge that these children should receive help before they become adults and possibly end up in prison. This issue is only contributing to crime rates. The first step to helping these children is to research them first. Research that is done on child abuse opens doors to resources for abused children such as, effective therapy that can be offered to them more often for them to fully recover from their past abuse. Recognizing the relationship between abused children and child offenders offers a chance to help children before they become deviant criminals. Through this research various research questions are answered. These research questions include, is abuse a huge contributing factor to the delinquency of juveniles? Another research question is what type of abuse is suffered by more juvenile offenders? Are juvenile delinquents more likely to be abused by a parent, other relative, acquaintance, or stranger? Also, the kinds of crimes juvenile delinquents with abusive backgrounds are more likely to commit are discussed. Answering these questions is a crucial part in preventing juvenile delinquency. Literature Review The connection between both child abuse and delinquent teens has not gone unnoticed. There have been a sufficient number of studies conducted on this topic with a myriad of results. The first study used participants from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal survey for boys on the development of antisocial and delinquent behavior. The 1987 Pittsburgh Youth Study began with three samples of boys in grades 1st, 4th, and 7th. Only the 4th and 7th grade boys were used in this particular study. Participants were randomly chosen from a list of 4th and 7th graders. This brings us to our current study, where Van Wijk et al. (2005) split 986 boys into five groups using a combination of self-reported delinquency data. These groups were categorized as sex offenders, index violence, reported violence, moderate offenders, and minor delinquency/non-offenders. The purpose of this study was to compare violent offenders to non-violent offenders. Besides having delinquency problems, substance use , and emotional problems in common, these boys also had family back ground and peer factor similarities as well. About 20% of the boys who were considered to be violent were abused as children, and 9% of the boys considered to be non-violent were abused as children. Also, about 36% of the violent boys and 16% non-violent boys partook in peer delinquency. These results do not just show that delinquent boys have abusive pasts, but also show they are involved in peer delinquent acts as well. Also, the more violent the boy is, the more of an abusive past he had (Van Wijk et al., 2005). The next study was based on the Australian Institute of Family Studies. Women in Australia were given a survey that discussed male sexual violence against women and children. Chung, OLeary, and Hand (2006) also relied on the records of the amount of people who were arrested for sexual-related crimes. The results from the survey and reports concluded that about 10% of the alleged offenders were juveniles. Aljazireh (1993) argued that patterns of sexual offending often begin in adolescence and that many adolescent sex offenders go on to perpetrate more serious forms of sexual violence in adulthood (Chung, OLeary, Hand, 2006). Even though juveniles made up only 10% of the alleged offenders, this study proved that this behavior is learned at early age. Another study made reference to a previous study done; where Johnson and Shrier reported that 66% of a sample of male juvenile sex offenders had been victimized either physically or sexually. About 19% were physically abused, and 49% were sexually abused. In this authors clinical practice, which includes primarily less serious, non-incarcerated juvenile offenders, about 19% report a history as sexual abuse victims (Becker, 1994). Longo reported that 47% of the adolescent sex offenders in his treatment program had been sexually abused (Becker, 1994). Becker (1994) also focused on another study done in 1984 of 401 child sexual abuse cases. About 56% of the boys and 28% of the girls admitted to being abused by a juvenile offender (Becker, 1994). These studies highlighted that the abusive behavior begins in adolescence. It also noted that the offenders are repeating a cycle of abuse; they were abused; now they are the abuser. In this study, data was obtained from a Minnesota Student Survey conducted in 1992. The survey was voluntary and anonymous. About 131,000 public school students, grades 6th, 9th, and 12th, participated (Borowsky, Hogan, Ireland, 1997). The questionnaire assessed the health factors, risk behaviors, and resiliency factors among juveniles. Almost all the 433 school districts participated expect one. An estimated 4.8% males and 1.3% of females admitted to forcing someone into a sexual act (Borowsky, Hogan, Ireland, 1997). About 46.7% of the males and 4.5% of girls were sexually abused by a family member, and 32.2% of the boys and 3.4% of girls were sexually abused by a non-familiar member (Borowsky, Hogan, Ireland, 1997). The results also indicated that 14.4% of boys and 3.1% of girls were physically abused (Borowsky, Hogan, Ireland, 1997). Also, 12.9% of the boys and 2.8% of the girls were witnesses to abuse (Borowsky, Hogan, Ireland, 1997). Lastly, Borowsky, Hogan, and Ireland (19 97) found that 25.2% of the boys and 12.4% of the girls admitted to being gang members. These results show that not only are many of these perpetrators abused themselves, but they also partake in deviant violent behavior. This study explored the effects of child maltreatment. This study was based on of Child Protective Services cases. A table of their findings clearly shows that children who have been traumatized physically and/or sexually are at significantly increased risk for developing a variety of psychiatric disorders (Kolk, Hooper, Crozier, 2001, pg. 6). The children were split into three abuse groups including, sexual (124), physical (43), and both (34). About 12% of the boys and 11% of the girls from the sexually abused group were diagnosed with being majorly depressed. Also, 12% of the boys and 20% of the girls in the physically abused group were diagnosed with major depression as well. 8% of the boys and 32% of the girls in the both group suffered from major depression. A total of 21% were diagnosed with conduct disorders, and a total of 36% were diagnosed with an oppositional deviant disorder. This study shows that many children abused do not only experience depression, a proven indicator of abusers, but they also experience behavioral problems. Another study involved gender and child maltreatment. This study was based on another study conducted in the UK. The data from this study identified that emotional/psychological abuse is a reason for bullying (Chahal, 2006). Both 18% of the boys and 18% of the girls surveyed were emotionally abused bullies (Chahal, 2006). This study suggests that many bullies feel they need to have control over others because someone else made them feel the same way. A study done by Glasser et al. (2001) recognizes the cycle of abuse. The data was collected by using a retrospective clinical case note review of 843 subjects attending a specialist forensic psychotherapy centre (Glasser et al., 2001, pg.1). Among 747 males, the risk of being a perpetrator was positively correlated with reported sexual abuse victim experiences (Glasser et.al, 2001). Glasser et al. (2001) also concluded that of the 96 females, 43% had been victimized and one of them was a perpetrator. This study concluded that both having been a victim and the loss of a parent were predictors of becoming perpetrators (Glasser et. al, 2001). This next study explored the relationship between prior victimization of adolescent sex offenders and their subsequent abuse of others. Participants in this study were 74 adolescent male sexual abusers in a residential treatment facility who had been sexually abused (Veneziano, LeGrand, Veneziano, 2000). The adolescent offenders who had been victimized before age 5 were twice as likely to victimize someone younger than age five (Veneziano, LeGrand, Veneziano, 2000). Veneziano, LeGrand, and Veneziano (2000) found that those who were abused by males were twice as likely to abuse another male, and if their abuser was a relative they were found 1.5 times more likely to abuse one of their relatives. This study researched childrens exposure to violence, using a national survey. Nearly, one-half of the children and adolescents surveyed (46.3%) were assaulted at least once in the past year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, and Kracke, 2008). The survey confirms that most of our societys children are exposed to violence in their daily lives. About one in ten or 10.2% suffered child maltreatment (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, Kracke, 2008). This includes physical and emotional abuse, neglect, and abduction. Also, 6.1% were victimized sexually. Lastly, this study suggested that more than one in four or 25.3% witnessed a violent act and 9.8% saw one family member assault another (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, Kracke, 2008). This particular study tries to make a connection between child exposure to violence and those who partake in violence when they get older. The last study used a total of 1,840 participants admitted in the custody of the State of Washingtons juvenile justice system. The subjects were given the Massachusetts Youth Screening Inventory, second edition (MAYSI-2) as a screening instrument. Screening sites included juvenile justice secure institutions, work camps, regional parole offices, and residential care placements operated under contract with the state juvenile justice system (Stewart Trupin, 2003). A subset of 222 adolescents completed a diagnostic mental health screening instrument and also completed the MAYSI-2. The three-cluster solution included 437 youths (24%) with high scores for mental health symptoms on all MAYSI-2 scales and 556 youths (30%) with high substance use scores and scores for mental health symptoms that were lower than those of the 437-member group but still clinically elevated (Stewart Trupin, 2003, pg. 3). Finally, 847 youths (46%) with average elevations below the clinical threshold for all MAY SI-2 scales constituted the low symptoms group (Stewart Trupin, 2003). About 1.79% of the first group, 1.62% of the second group, and 1.26% of the last group is considered to be depressed and anxious. Also, Stewart and Trupin (2003) concluded that 2.39% of the first group, 1.35% of the second group, and 1.39% of the last group admitted to alcohol or drug abuse. Lastly, 1.28% of the first, 1.34% of the second group, and 1.11% of the last group admitted to having gone through a traumatic experience (Stewart Trupin, 2003). This obviously shows that out of these youths in this juvenile system, many of them experience depression, are drug users, and probably act out in deviant ways because of their traumatic experiences. The 2000 study of Veneziano, LeGrand, and Veneziano identifies the connection between sexually abused children and adolescent sex offenders. In a presentation given by Jerome B. Green (Clinically certified forensic counselor) and Crystal Brown-Voeltz (Licesned Master Social Worker) called, Adolescents with Sexual Behavior Problems; Identification, Etiology and Progression, it was revealed that about 20 percent of all rapes are perpetrated by adolescent offenders. The Green and Brown-Voeltz presentation revealed also that over half of molestations of boys and at least 15-20% of the sexual abuse of girls are perpetrated by adolescents. The average adolescent sexual offender will commit 380 sex crimes in his lifetime, but at the time of first evaluation will have had only seven victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦As many as 60-80% of adult sex offenders report that their first offense occurred when they were adolescents (Green Brown-Voeltz, p. 5). The presentation even said that many adolescent sex offenders are exposed to pornography, substance abuse, and to aggressive models (Green Brown-Voeltz). According to Green and Brown-Voeltz deviant arousal patterns develop in response to victimization or as a result of learned behavior and social interactions over timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Since the family and environment are essential influences in the development of sexuality, family trauma, physical and sexual abuse, neglect, scapegoating, and exposure to sexually traumatic material may contribute to the development of sexually offending behavior (Green Brown- Voeltz, p. 6). According to the Childrens Law Office, Truancy and Educational Neglect (2005) educational neglect is included in the states definition of child abuse and neglectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Child abuse or neglect, or harm, occurs when a parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the childs welfareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fails to supply the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, education (Childrens Law Office, 2005, p. 1). Educational neglect is defined as not providing your children with education as required by law. Some signs that a child is being neglected educationally include frequent absences along with inappropriate clothing for weather, poor hygiene/ body odor, failure to receive routine/urgent medical care, excessive sleepiness during the day, coming to school hungry and stealing/ asking for food, etc (Childrens Law Office, 2005). Even though educational neglect is not viewed as abuse (physical, sexual, emotional) it is a contributing factor. For example, a child who is not being ade quately fed, bathed, and not properly dressed is suffering physically, and in turn suffers emotionally from the stigma that comes along with dealing with these issues. In response to this neglect many juveniles become truant and participate in other delinquent acts. The link between abuse and delinquency is supported by some theories of delinquency (Siegel Welsh, 2009). These theories include the social control, social learning, general strain, and trait theories. Social control theory purports that by disrupting normal relationships and impeding socialization, maltreatment reduces the social bond and frees individuals to become involved in devianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Social learning theory says that maltreatment leads to delinquency, because it teaches children that aggression and violence are justifiable forms of behavior (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 273). General strain theory says abuse creates the negative affective states that are related to strain, anger, and aggression (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 273). Trait theory purports that abused youth will develop symptoms of psychological abnormality (depression or psychosis) that have been linked to antisocial behaviors (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 273). All these studies are relevant to this research. However several of these studies have proven to be more useful and relevant than others. Overall, all these different studies have resulted in the same conclusion. That is, that many juveniles categorized as delinquent, especially those in the system, act out their frustrations from an abusive past through deviant behavior. Methodology Due to the fact that abuse (physical, emotional, sexual) is such a controversial subject concerning minors, secondary analysis was used for this research. The prior research and works of others were found to be very reliable. The key variables that were explored include, child abuse and delinquency. To conduct this research journal articles, web pages, booklets from law conferences, and pamphlets were utilized. Results The impact abuse has on children is traumatic. Some effects of abuse include secrecy, helplessness, entrapment and accommodation, delayed or unconvincing disclosure, retraction, betrayal, traumatic sexualization, powerlessness, and stigmatization (DeFlice, 2005). Lindsey (2005) also found that children abused physically are more likely to be arrested for violent crimes. Lindsey also states that other possible negative outcomes include mental health concerns, educational problems, occupational difficulties, and public health and safety issues. According to Brewerton (2004) there is a relationship between eating disorders, victimization, and comorbidity. In Eating Disorders, Victimization, and Comorbidity: Principles of Treatment one of the themes of the chapter is a cluster of comorbid disorders and their symptoms co-occur together more often than chance would dictate, and that this link is highly associated with a history of victimization (Brewerton, 2004, p. 509). The prior research of others was used to identify a relationship between abuse and South Carolina juvenile delinquents. As mentioned before being abused does not ensure a life of delinquency. However it was hypothesized that it increases the chances of a delinquent, anti-social lifestyle. There was sufficient research done on this topic to ensure an adequate representation of juvenile delinquents in South Carolina. As previously mentioned the findings were synonymous with the hypothesis. Although there was not significant research concerning South Carolina, but the increasing rates of detention centers in this state indicate that there is a relationship between juvenile delinquents and an abusive history. Also, previously mentioned, educational neglect is another form of abuse that can affect a child traumatically (physically, emotionally). According to www.uschamber.com is given a C for its school management. Usachamber.com (2009) says that South Carolina does an average job managing its schools in a way that encourages thoughtful innovation. The state has solid academic standards and sanctions low-performing schools. However, 92% of teachers report that routine duties and paperwork interfere with teaching. The state of South Carolinas academic standing indicates that many children are being educationally neglected, and as a result being further abused emotionally and physically. This easily l eads to truancy among other delinquent acts. From these findings one could only conclude that as long as delinquency is an issue abuse will always be a possible determining factor. However this relationship appears to not only be a South Carolina issue but an issue across the globe. One could infer that in areas such as, South Carolina where delinquency is an issue it is more likely to experience more cases of abuse. The issue with abuse is that it cannot be treated if its not reported. Many times children are less likely to report there abuse. For many juveniles, by the time that the issue is identified delinquency has already become a part of their lifestyle. Many abused youth participate in delinquent acts to avoid an abusive home-life. So instead of participating in negative after-school activities, positive ones seem to be a more appropriate alternative. The South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) has implemented the Teen After-School Center Program (TASC) for juveniles to participate in. This program has been jointly funded since 2004 by DJJ and the Legislative Black Caucus. Teen After-School Centers are daily after school programs that are based in local churches, community centers, and other public buildings; and staffed by local volunteers. These programs are aimed to reach at-risk juveniles between the ages of twelve and seventeen. TASCs are open weekdays after school and in the summer. The goals of this program are to better school attendance, improve grades, for kids to get an appreciation for their community, for kids to become role-models within the community, and to instill the knowledge that all goals can be acquired. Students who participate in extracurricular activities have better grades, feel greater attachment to school, have lower truancy rates and reach higher levels of achievement in college, as documented by a 17-year study followed 1,800 sixth-graders in ten Michigan schools through high school and college (Extra Benefits Tied to Extracurriculars, Education Week, 2000). For abused youth participating in programs like this may be very beneficial. Another organization working to help abused youth is the South Carolina Network of Childrens Advocacy Centers (NCAC). The Network of Childrens Advocacy Centers is the South Carolina state chapter of the National Childrens Alliance, one of thirty-eight state chapters in the United States. This organization works to ensure that every child in South Carolina suspected of being abused receives services. A Childrens Advocacy center is a child-focused community-oriented, facility-based program in which representatives from many disciplines meet to discuss and make recommendations about the investigation, safety, treatment and prosecution of child abuse cases. There are CACs located in Columbia, Spartanburg, Florence, Charleston, Greenville, Aiken, Sumter, etc. Abused youth need assistance to deal with their trauma or they may continue being delinquent. More individuals or bystanders need to report the abuse of child to the authorities. When the problem is identified only then can the child be offered the necessary counseling to deal with their abuse. After-school programs, neighborhood youth programs, and counseling/therapy programs are considered ideal to help rehabilitate delinquent youths. With detention center populations increasing in South Carolina more accessible, creative programs could aid in decreasing youth crimes.

marketing rules Essay -- essays research papers

This is an introduction with insight on what Guerrilla Marketing is. The main idea of Guerrilla Marketing is to try and get the most out of advertising, by using the least expense. There was a statement that suggested using alternative plans rather than standard expensive plans discussed in textbooks. Most of those plans are developed for large corporations with a huge spending budget. Guerrilla's don't have the same revenue to spend on large advertising campaigns. The best plan is to make the most of the money that is available to the company. Technology is a huge benefit to business owners of today. In today's society this is something that must be pursued and will also offer huge benefits to the Guerrilla's. There also was general information about tomorrow's customer. One aspect that stood out, was the fact that they will be less forgiving and will greatly appreciate warmth and attention. There was also a list of the fastest growing areas. These areas are Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Texas and Utah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Entrepreneurial marketing is to be very profitable for the owner who wants to get it right the first time. This helps by focusing on the task at hand and trying to perfect the operation. The single most effective improvement a company can make, is reducing as many errors as possible. There also is a slim possibility that only a few customers are enough to run a business and make a profit. This is very important in understanding the way key customers spend at your company. 80/20 rules are very important to keep in mind. This is a rule that tells us that 80% of the profits come from 20% of the customers. There is also the key to try and make the most out of the money spent. One great example is how to use a business card effectively. The business card should have as much information as possible. This will help to get the entire guerilla effect. A business card can provide valuable information, but it can also be used as a resume. A small business also has the chance to get up close and personal with it's customers. This is a great tool for the Guerrilla that is willing to try and be involved with the customer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are thirteen important marketing secrets. This is a list of secrets that are used by the guerilla's in the marketing industry. The main secrets that stood out t... ...Guerilla that understands the thought process of the consumer and uses that understanding to better the chances of the sale. This can be the use of the point of purchase displays or the way the music is played, and the overall feel of the area. It is good to create a human bond that will help to enforce the quality of the shopping experience. There are also language of colors that will help the business. It is important to understand the aspects of the colors and how they affect the consumer. One of the best aspects is to use the name of the individual. This makes the consumer comfortable and will help them in repeating business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How Guerilla's win battles is very important in creating a marketing plan to be followed. This can be a very tough task and hard to implement. It is also very important to launch this in a slow motion. Take small steps to the goal and be sure to move slowly. This will allow for a comfort level to be developed. Another very important aspect is to measure the results. It is impossible to know how a marketing plan is if there is no data to compare the changes to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset in an Organisation

HUMAN RESOURCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASSET IN AN ORGANISATION Human resource is defined as the employees in the organisation, and in an article by Harting(2008), he mentioned that â€Å"Any organization will go only as far as the people who are driving it†. This statement explains that the employees are the determining factor of how far an organisation can go and as such, it is vital for any organisation to invest in its own people so that they can contribute more in return. In every organisation, the main workforce are its people and without them, the organisation would not be able to conduct daily business transactions let alone move it forward.After all, people get things done as they are always the final decision makers. People are also highly adaptable to change especially when put in a difficult situation that may require them to use their superior skills or knowledge to deal with the problem. Besides dealing with problems, people also can initiate and generate new ideas which can be of good use to the organisation such as cost savings ideas, better working environment suggestions or even ideas that can propel the organisation forward.Most people in this world have to work for a living and they will always be looking for organisations that pay better and provide better benefits for their employees. Being better paid when comparing with their peers, people tend to be more motivated to work harder for themselves and the organisation so that they can provide better for their family. Motivated employees tend to show better quality of work and they deal with difficult situations better than employees who drag their feet to work. Financial benefits may work for most people but not all employees can be bought.Some employees prefer to work in organisations which assures job security than having a highly paid job as being paid well may mean more competition in that position and thus leading to a more stressful working environment. In 2011, Google, the compa ny that changed the way Internet search engines work, was placed fourth in U. S Fortune ‘100 Best Companies to Work For’ List. Garglulo(2011) mentioned that â€Å"The payoff shows up in increased innovation and productivity, low turnover, low sickness rates, and high employee satisfaction. † This year, U.S Fortune named Google, the â€Å"Best Company To Work For†. Google pays a lot of attention on how they treat their employees as the organisation aims to make their employees life better and easier by providing them with on-site physicians and nurses in an event that they may fall ill and require medical attention. Even on vacation, Google employees are covered with travel insurance and emergency assistance any where in the world, and not only does Google take care of their employees, they also ensure their loved ones are also well taken care of.Google emphasized that they value their employees opinion as they always welcome feedback and they evaluate thei r employee benefits regularly to ensure that the benefits adapt to the needs of the changing population. (Google, 2012) From the way Google values their human resource, it is no surprise that within a year, it took the top position of being the best company to work for. From a research by the Great Place to Work Institute, it was stated that today’s employees really do want different things and it is not in their paychecks.From their research with more than ten million employees worldwide, they have gathered that what people want most is firstly, trust in leadership and each other, secondly, pride in their work, thirdly, enjoyment of the people they work with, and lastly, fairness and transparency; all things that companies like Google seem to do well. † (Garglulo, 2011). Even on the Google website, they have dedicated numerous pages stating their employee benefits and even videos of satisfied employees.It is uncommon for organisations to spend so much effort on their w ebsites emphasizing on their benefits in order to attract top and best people around the world to work for them. In conclusion, different organisations came up with different strategies to keep their employees happy and motivated and are willing to invest more into their Human resource as they know that without them, the company may not be able to operate efficiently as compared to having them. Human resource is the most important asset of any organisation as they are the driving force that keeps it going and bringing it to greater heights.

My First Part-Time Job

This is the my first part-time Job. I had learned so much from this experience. First of all, I learned how to get along with people whom you had only met for the first time. I remember this Job was back in three years ago. I was only 17 and I wanted to do something different this summer instead of Just hanging out at home. When I started looking for one, I realized finding a Job is quite difficult. Thanks to my sister who recommended me to this Japanese restaurant where she works as a manager. After a brief interview, I was accepted to fill this position.I darted to think about all kind of possibilities within this Job. Finally, my first day of work has arrived. My mom took the time and drop me off to work right on time. I was very nervous since I would have to introduce myself in front of everyone and started to learn everything. The first thing I learned was that, when customers come in, you have to say welcome. It was hard for me to say it so loud in front of people. I felt shame on myself for not doing it well. After I stand in front off mirror and practices a lot, I could say it easily. After a few weeks, things started to fall into places and I was familiar with the work.However, one accident happened, I accidentally knock over a bowl of soup on a customer. My first reaction was â€Å"Oh my god! † I was so unguarded and felt so bad. I blamed myself for not being careful. Fortunately, the customer did not get too upset; after that, I paid more attention to work. I get tipped well sometimes when I do a good Job with the help of my co-workers. I had became friends with my co-workers. When I think back, I still miss the time while working there. It was a valuable experience for me. It has taught me important lessons in my life. Hopefully, I would be able to find another Job that is as memorable as this one to me.

Sexual Reorientation Therapy essays

Sexual Reorientation Therapy essays In todays American culture, homosexuality is seen much differently than is has been in past years. It is pretty much accepted by the psychological community as a sexual preference that cannot be changed that that is possibly genetically predetermined or that is a result of brain structures. Anyone who would suggest that perhaps there is a way for homosexuals to attain sexual attraction towards the opposite sex is often accosted by not only members of the psychological community but also leaders of the homosexual community. However, if there is a form of sexual reorientation therapy being practiced and has seen results, it is a possibility that must be investigated. I suggest that human sexuality is much more fluid than previously thought; that homosexual desires are more a result of relational problems with others and feelings of rejection, and that many homosexuals who are unhappy with their sexual orientation have options to help them attain the lifestyle that that want. In past decades, the attitudes in the country towards homosexuals were ones of avoidance and complete disapproval. In fact, the subject was very rarely discussed. It wasnt until the 1960s that our culture became more comfortable discussing sexuality. This time period is known as the sexual revolution. Although many religious organizations spoke out against homosexuality, it slowly became a more acceptable lifestyle to the point where according to a recent Gallup poll about only 55% of Americans agree with homosexual marriages. This all sounds as if homosexuals in this country would be very content with their lifestyle. However, this isnt the case. If you were to ask homosexuals whether they would prefer to be straight if they had the choice, most would say yes. However, organizations such as the American Psychological Association have dismissed the notion that homosexuals might be able to switch orientation. So, has there b...

Writers of Term Papers

Writers of Term Papers Writers of Term Papers Writers of Term PapersA term paper is rather a complicated research project that requires sufficient experience in analyzing, writing, and presenting the project. That is why writers of term papers should develop a certain set of qualities and abilities. Do you want to know which ones? Then go ahead reading. Do not forget to read article on The Stolen Party term paper writing, how to write term papers, as well as guide on college entrance essay outline writing and how to write a good college essay .Writers of term papers should practice building sentences logically. One of the possible and rather effective methods to do it is to tape-record what you have written and then listen to the record made. You can also ask someone to read your paper to check whether your writing is consecutive and logical enough. Writers of term papers should be well informed on their research area. That is why it is important for writers of term papers to read as much information relevant to their research topic as possible. So, if for example, you are to write a term paper on hurricane Katrina, read all the possible information about hurricanes, watch videos and documentaries, listen to CNN reports, etc. Your professor will certainly appreciate your awareness of the subject, thus, you will have more chances to get an A+ grade.Writers of term papers should learn to be persuasive. The art of persuasiveness is not easy to learn, still, possible. To sound persuasively, it is important for term paper writers to avoid emotions while writing. Besides, emotions are inadmissible in academic writing, and if you want to master in the use of scientific language, you have to keep it in mind. The best and the most important tool that all writers of term papers should use to sound persuasively is argumentation. Make your argumentation reasonable and logical. Provide the reader with enough evidence to prove that your point of view is the only right.Writers of term papers should be able to develop strong and catchy thesis statements. Some writers of term papers confuse a thesis statement with a well known fact. The main difference between a generally known fact and a thesis statement is that a thesis statement is something that you personally consider to be truth while a commonly known fact is something that does not leave grounds for debates. This mistake can make a paper sound unskillfully and become the cause of a low grade. That is why it is of a great importance for writers of term papers to understand the difference between these two notions.Striving at self-perfection is the best way to success. That is why writers of term papers should strive at it.

Assistant Restaurant Manager Cover Letter Sample

Assistant Restaurant Manager Cover Letter Sample SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Hospitality's a competitive industry, but luckily the applicant who wrote this cover letter has both a degree in Hospitality Management and experience as a server. In his cover letter,Charliestrives to show that he's ready to move into a managerial position. Read on to see how Charlie presents his skills and experiences in the restaurant industry. Then check out the breakdown of what his cover letter does well. Cover Letter for Position of Assistant Restaurant Manager Charlie Putnam5 Mountain RoadCentreville, VA 20122 May 1, 2016 Ms. Talia RichardsonRestaurant ManagerTapea Restaurant Group56 Main St.Centreville, VA 20122 Dear Ms. Richardson, As I was growing up, Friday nights always meant dinner at Tapea. Your dining room was like a home away from home for me and my family, and we came back weekly for the amazing food, comfortable atmosphere, and warm customer service. As I graduate with a degree in Hospitality Management from Johnson and Wales in May, I would be thrilled to join the ranks of my favorite restaurant as Assistant Restaurant Manager, an opportunity I saw posted on your front window. Please allow me to share how my background makes me a great fit for the role. Over the past few summers, I worked as a server at Solera, a Spanish restaurant in Providence. In this position, I developed excellent customer service and organizational skills, as well as close attention to detail. I also went beyond my duties as server to help planfunctions for parties of 50 to 100 people. In particular, I led the planning ofa graduation party last June. My experiences taught me a great deal about all the moving parts that must come together for a restaurant to stand out in the competitive hospitality industry. Beyondmy professional experiences, I’ve gained industry knowledge through my studies in Hospitality Management. My classes and practicums taught me the ins and outs of budget management, conflict resolution, and team leadership. For my thesis project, I created an employee handbook that contained workplace policies and training instructions. In a managerial role, I would seek to inspire a sense of pride and ownership of responsibilities among my fellow employees. I would carry on Tapea’s dedication to a truly great dining experience for its guests. I believe that my knowledge and experience, along with my outgoing personality and strong work ethic, make well suited to the Assistant Manager position with Tapea Restaurant. As a lifelong patron, I have firsthand experience with your great customer service and amazing menu (the garlic chicken croquettes are actually addictive). I look forward to learning more about the position and can be contacted anytime by phone or email. Thanks very much for your time. Sincerely, Charlie Putnam Charlie Putnamcharlie.putnam@gmail.com555-555-5555 Does Charlie's cover letter show that he's ready to take on the role of Assistant Restaurant Manager? Assistant Restaurant Manager Cover Letter: The Breakdown In his cover letter for the Assistant Restaurant Manager position, Charlie expresses his excitement about the prospect of working for Tapea Restaurant. He tells the hiring manager that he grew up going to the restaurant and knows it well. Then he goes on to focus on his professional experiences and academic studies as they relate to the new job. In the first part of his argument, Charlie talks about his experiences working in the restaurant industry. Not only has he worked as a server, but he also helped plan large functions and events. Beyond working in a restaurant, he also studied Hospitality Management at school and learned about management responsibilities, like preparing a budget and team leadership. From his cover letter, it's clear that Charlie understands the duties of Assistant Manager and feels equipped to take them on. Hopefully, the qualificationshe describesin his cover letter will be enough to land him an interview and set up a job for after graduation! Before you head to additional cover letter samples, consider a brief note on format. A Note on Format Charlie's cover letter shows a traditional format, with his name and information at the top, the current date, and the hiring manager's contact details. These headers work well if you're sending your letter as a hard copy or Word attachment. If you're pasting your letter right into the body of an email - an approach that's fine, if not expected, for lots of jobs - then you can leave out these formatting features and start right in with the salutation. Similarly, if you're applying through an online portal and pasting your letter into a text box, then you probably don't need to worry about the format. Consider how you're sending your cover letter, along with any additional application instructions from the organization, and let that guide your formatting. What's Next? Care to read another? Check out this next cover letter sample for the position of Head Content Editor. Are you looking for other kinds of cover letters? Check out our full guide for five more samples, along with tips for how to write yours. If you're writing a cover letter, don't waste time staring at a blank page. This cover letter template and guide will help you get the ball rolling.

The Root Crop Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Root Crop Industry - Essay Example Statistics show that around half the world’s production of root crops is consumed as food. These statistics vary from one country to another. Our ancestors found the first root crops when they were still hunter gatherers, and history is witness to the fact that what these first cultivators found in the wild was what they first experimented with as cultivators. The earliest agricultural system in parts of Africa was based on root crops. Recent studies have shown that the ancient Mayan civilization grew crops such as sweet potato, yams and cassava; so too did some African tribes like the Bantu. Early civilizations in Asia, Africa and South America seem to have been the first to sow and harvest root crops that had previously been gathered in the wild. â€Å"A healthy diet is the cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle,† says Dr.Weil. Root vegetables have been described as â€Å"some of the most overlooked and underappreciated foodstuffs ......nutritional storehouses, hidden treasures worthy of notice† ( Dr. Weil, drweil.com, n.d.) A large proportion of the world’s food supply today consists of root crops that are also used as animal feed. Industrial products such as starch and distilled spirits as well as a wide range of other minor products also are made from root crops. Around half of the supply of root crops grown globally is used for human consumption. This utilization pattern varies from one country to another, with developing nations using a greater percentage of these crops for food, while the developed nations use a larger percentage for animal feed and industrial use. Agro climatic factors define where different root crops are produced. Potatoes seem to have first been cultivated in the Andes, but today are grown at lower altitudes and in warmer climates. Sweet potatoes too are grown in a wide variety of climates and altitudes, but yams are mostly grown in Africa. The fact that these root crops that were cultivated by our early ancestors survive as an

The Health Protection Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Health Protection Scheme - Essay Example As the essay states Hong Kong has had private health insurance for many decades in various forms. In 2009, about four million policies covered two million individuals and over 1.5 million groups. This was representative of 34% of HK’s population being privately insured. The number of people buying private insurance has gone up in the past four years. Private health insurance has contributed 12% of HK’s financing in health care between 1998 and 2009, while it has continued to grow at 9% every year with regards to total health expenditure share during the same period. In 2010, hospitals in the private sector spent a quarter of their entire expenditure on caring for inpatients, of which at least half was covered by insurance from the private sector. According to the research findings the Food and Health Bureau, through a study on private health insurance, outlined various challenges and inadequacies that insurers, providers, and consumers were confronted with, particularly in the private health insurance sector. This led to proposals on the health protection scheme, which sought to address several issue. With regards to the insurers, it sought to address rising and non-transparent medical fees, unnecessary admissions and moral hazards because of investigations, non-disclosure and anti-selection when underwriting, and the challenge of public insurance that was dimming attractiveness for private health insurance.... Despite these statistics, the Food and Health Bureau, through a study on private health insurance, outlined various challenges and inadequacies that insurers, providers, and consumers were confronted with, particularly in the private health insurance sector (Gauld & Gould, 2012). This led to proposals on the health protection scheme, which sought to address several issue. With regards to the insurers, it sought to address rising and non-transparent medical fees, unnecessary admissions and moral hazards because of investigations, non-disclosure and anti-selection when underwriting, and the challenge of public insurance that was dimming attractiveness for private health insurance (Dembe & Boden, 2000). For consumers, it sought to address uncertainty of charges and coverage and lack of quality assurance and medical fees that were non-transparent. Finally, it sought to address coverage of procedures for outpatients and inadequate coverage for private doctors and hospitals (Shek, 2012). A rgument for Health Protection Scheme One area that the HPS will help the situation is in financing, particularly with two tiers in the HK health system, i.e. public and private. The private sector mainly gets its funds from private sources like out-of-pocket payments and private insurance. In contrast, the public health insurance sector gets heavy subsidies from the Hong Kong government that come from taxes (Wong et al, 2011). While the HK government spends relatively less compared to countries from the west, the expenditure trend has been increasing. The health protection scheme has proposed to improve controls on expenditure through inclusion of voluntary participation in premiums by individuals. The government is encouraging HK citizens to join the scheme to enjoy

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF STARTEGY PLANNING Assignment

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF STARTEGY PLANNING - Assignment Example The company’s strength is in its research and development team which focuses on dermatology and cosmetology. Such capability has allowed the company to develop new products like Armani Code Donna. The company has continuously registered dismal performance in North America where Procter and Gamble is doing well. In the hair styling market, in Western Europe, the company is doing poorly. Such performance undermines investor confidence (L’Oreal Annual Report). Markets like United States provide the company with new opportunities. The old population in United States provides a large market for beauty products. They use revitalizing lotions and cosmetics that give them a good appeal and appearance. Emerging markets in Brazil, India and China provides market for the company’s cosmetic products. Indians provide a high demand for hair color products. Threats faced by L’Oreal include consumers opting for new technologies like organ transplant, cosmetic surgery and advanced dermatology, the company could lose market for its products. Increased competition from companies like Avon, Revlon, Procter and Gamble, Unilever, and others poses a significant threat to L’Oreal. Availability of counterfeit products in the market reduces consumer confidence and tarnishes the brand image. PESTLE analysis establishes the political, economic, social, technological, legal and the environment in which a company thrives. The company is doing well in local and international markets. The hair color products of the company are in high demand, in India. The company registered 70 million new consumers worldwide and is targeting an increment of outlets in new markets. Socially, the company involves itself in education, affirmative action, science and other issues. The company continues to improve social lives in many countries. The most significant involvement is a partnership with United

Why do Urban Chinese Households save so much Dissertation

Why do Urban Chinese Households save so much - Dissertation Example Life Cycle Hypothesis Theory, and Overlapping Family Models, as well as a Literature Review on basic economics will be submitted to help develop an understanding of the behavioral patterns of this section of the Chinese population. The paper will conclude in a futuristic manner, contemplating whether the phenomenon will continue beyond 2015, when it is projected that the present working population group would have aged, and seeking to retire. The reference sources were chosen from a wide field, so that the best views of the technical minds available could be extracted and used to arrive at the conclusions made. It also enable comparisons to be made to see if there consistency in applications. Where this is observed it is highlighted to serve as concept reinforcements. Thanks must be given to my Professors as well as others who have provided timely support to make this project a reality. A. Introduction It would seem superficially that the Chinese government had designed a program to generate an extremely high propensity to save among its population, as well as in the national economy, during the last 30 years of the history of the country, but this may be far from being true. Analysts and Economists worldwide have become engaged in finding the answers as to why the Chinese Urban Household is saving so much? China’s unprecedented economic growth between 1978 and 2007 has not been matched by the levels of economic reforms which would have stabilized its financial and insurance markets, according to Wei, Yi (2011). During this growth period, the country’s foreign reserve increased dramatically from $2 billion to $2.4Trillion- a1000 fold increase, and propelled the nation into the position as being one of the world’s largest foreign reserves holder (Wen, Yi, 2011). Chamon and Prasad (2008), reports that between 1995 and 2005 the average urban household savings increase by 7% to about one quarter of disposable income, despite the rapid economic growth, and low government capped interest rates offered by banks (Chamon, M. Prasad, E. 2008). Experts opinion as to why the Urban Chinese household has been saving so much include biological motivations, men engaging in marriage marketing, Confucian philosophical beliefs, social imbalance, government policies, economic uncertainties, sex ratio imbalance, urban household behavioral issues, market and economic variations. Models have been designed and developed to explain the behavior of urban Chinese households, but do they successfully account for all the variables and how they affect each other in different provinces, under different birth orders, the number of children, and the educational and financial status of parents, remains to be seen. The roles of the firms and the government regarding the wages paid to workers, as well as the removal of the benefits of the social net may also be the real reason why the savings patterns had developed under the puzzling eyes of the global experts. It is also worth contemplating whether the reliability of a model should

Archival Studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Archival Studies - Research Paper Example Organizations are at the verge of changing diverse activities to suit the most appropriate management procedures, it is therefore very appropriate to enhance an effective way of reviewing processing manuals. Update of processing manuals also offers the reader with the latest policies that exist in a particular organization. This reduces instances of confusion in an organization since each member has the same documentation of policies that he is supposed to abide by. Moreover, it keeps the employees at par in terms of objectives of a particular organization since they all have the latest information, which shows the latest targets of the organization. A poorly updated manual conversely leads to inconsistency therefore increasing the risk of violation of laws, regulations as well as other organizational standards. Even worse, it may result to a heightened risk of injury or harms of the employee and hence put the organization at the risk for lawsuits as well as other damages. Therefore, organizations should take time in maintaining as well as updating processing manuals in the most efficient way (American Psychological Association, 2004). From ancient times, record keeping has focused on utilization of paper documents as a way of keeping records. However, with the development of technology, documents are now stored using electronic gadgets. An electronic document is essentially a soft copy of a paper document while a paper document is a hardcopy of an electric document. There are dissimilarities between the varieties of data storage. To begin with, the scale of electronic information is much larger than the information on paper documents. Typically, the point is open since disks used to store the information at numerous gigabytes, and the size grows daily. One drive can contain a million or more documents, and a single company can hold backup files of up to five million records. Secondly, the efficiency of

Managing Communications,Knowledge and Information Assignment

Managing Communications,Knowledge and Information - Assignment Example The increasing importance of services and knowledge in the 21st century has successfully impressed China towards taking concrete steps and measures in the journey of becoming knowledge based society by itself. The information is identified as the basic and fundamental requirement for running any sort and type of business in any part of the globe. The investors on the other hand, are required to have timely and accurate information in order to make effective decisions. The investors in developing parts of the world do not have sufficient information and expertise that are required to take valuable decisions (Richard & Nory 2005). The lack of accurate information in addition with inability to follow economic rationality has repeatedly resulted in significant losses. The investors long for insightful analysis that can help them in making wise choices. The trend of online news agencies is very notably prevalent in developed and emerging parts of the world (Clemons, Gu, & Lang 2002). Thes e news agencies however, conceptualized to cover companies that are operating in advanced countries. The companies that are working in emerging economies are not being effectively covered by the financial news agencies. The increasing levels of Foreign Direct Investment in the featured economic sector of the globe, warrants the creation of permanent analytical facilities that can provide the investors with fresh insights on a daily basis. The target economies of Bangladesh and India will be kept under a bigger microscope as they are the leading and most probable candidate for transforming into leading nations in the future. The demise of America as a superpower in the near future will induce the development of smaller centers of political and fiscal strength throughout the world. The resource interdependencies are going to be more than stronger and because of this reason, national economic systems will become more conducive in the direction of developing and forging productive bilat eral trade agreements. In this way, it will not be a surprise to see South Asian economies emerging as the most profoundly developing sectors. The futuristic investment decisions will have widespread reparations for the entire economic system of the globe (Sachs, Warner, Aslund, & Fischer 1995). The proposed online news agency will keep a close eye on the developments occurring in all of the leading economies of the world. The economic experts from all over the world are invited to comment on the situation of stock markets. The main objective of starting a new business is to efficiently reduce the level of information asymmetry that is famous for prevailing between shareholders and corporate management teams. The developing economies’ citizens do not possess the enough level of comprehension needed to take delicate investment decisions. The important information about stock markets of emerging economies will be gathered through accessing sites such as Google Finance and Yahoo Finance. Based on the information provided by featured online sources, the financial experts are requested to guide investors’ decisions. The proposed online news agency will release list of the most attractive stocks on a daily basis. The financial decisions are supposed to be made after conduction detailed research. The investment decisions in South Asian countries are take in an impulsive fashion and therefore, they are notorious for yielding superficial financial gains.

Archival Studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Archival Studies - Research Paper Example Organizations are at the verge of changing diverse activities to suit the most appropriate management procedures, it is therefore very appropriate to enhance an effective way of reviewing processing manuals. Update of processing manuals also offers the reader with the latest policies that exist in a particular organization. This reduces instances of confusion in an organization since each member has the same documentation of policies that he is supposed to abide by. Moreover, it keeps the employees at par in terms of objectives of a particular organization since they all have the latest information, which shows the latest targets of the organization. A poorly updated manual conversely leads to inconsistency therefore increasing the risk of violation of laws, regulations as well as other organizational standards. Even worse, it may result to a heightened risk of injury or harms of the employee and hence put the organization at the risk for lawsuits as well as other damages. Therefore, organizations should take time in maintaining as well as updating processing manuals in the most efficient way (American Psychological Association, 2004). From ancient times, record keeping has focused on utilization of paper documents as a way of keeping records. However, with the development of technology, documents are now stored using electronic gadgets. An electronic document is essentially a soft copy of a paper document while a paper document is a hardcopy of an electric document. There are dissimilarities between the varieties of data storage. To begin with, the scale of electronic information is much larger than the information on paper documents. Typically, the point is open since disks used to store the information at numerous gigabytes, and the size grows daily. One drive can contain a million or more documents, and a single company can hold backup files of up to five million records. Secondly, the efficiency of

Three Key Learnings Essay Example for Free

Three Key Learnings Essay This course had been a strong push for me in my career as it has given me the key skills that I needed to face the challenges that I am to face as a professional individual in my field of interest. Undeniably, the skills that I have learned made me more confident in handling real hands-on-basis activities that are to be presented to me in the actual field of work that I am to undergo. These skill enhancements have certainly made me more confident in presenting software that would be much helpful in the field of technological development in the society today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The qualitative research elements that have been presented to us through this course made me more knowledgeable in handling new era developments in the field of Computer Technology. Improving the existing computer software being used today has become one of the main goals that I have set for myself because of the exposure that I had with qualitative research approach studies. Undermining the different strengths and weaknesses of the existing computer programs today has made me greatly interested the process of enhancing and developing more sophisticated programs that would appear much helpful in the process of improving the systems of the current computer technology situation in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of analyzing other sets of studies that aim to present the different details about several software-programs prepared to present the pros and the cons of the systems in actual applications, this course has made me more confident in the presentations that I am making to be able to handle several analysis reports. Undeniably, this course me more dependable and a lot more competent in my field of study as I am now able to become more practically critical with the works that I am presenting to the officials of my profession and to the public as well. This course actually gave me a clear view on what grave responsibilities I am about to take in as I take steps forward in accepting this profession. True, facing a highly technological world is a huge responsibility for individuals such as my type. But with the right skills and right disposition in facing the challenges of the profession that I am to accept, the said responsibilities could be well performed for the betterment of the larger population of the human society that I am about to serve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the part of synthesizing the studies that are further performed to help in the process of computer technology’s development for the present world of commerce and world connections, I have been able to see the difference of simply understanding the issue from that of directly making solutions for the issues that are concerned with the current computer applications used today. I have learned that seeing deeply in the problem is one particular key that enhances the analysis of the programs thus equipping the analysts the needed understanding that they have to posses to be able to deal with the issues of the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, from this course, I was able to recognize what it is that I have to deal with in facing the major issues concerned with computer technology today. Through the skills that I have learned and the attitude that I have gained, I realized how important my profession is for the modern society that we are living with today.

Waste Heat Boiler Research Engineering Essay

Waste Heat Boiler Research Engineering Essay Incorporates a boiler economiser, incorporates the waste heat from the boilers hot stack and transfers this waste heat to the boilers feed water. The boiler feed water will then be hotter and therefore requires less heat energy to boil it after A boiler economizer is a device that reduces the overall fuel requirements a boiler requires which results in reduced fuel costs as well as fewer emissions since the boiler now operates at a much higher efficiency.   Boiler economizers recover the waste heat from the boilers hot stack gas from transfers this waste heat to the boilers feed-water. Because the boiler feed-water is now at a higher temperature that it would have been without a boiler economizer, the boiler does not need to provide as much additional heating to produce the  steam requirements of a facility or process, thereby using less fuel and reducing the fuel expenses. Boiler economizers also help improve a boilers efficiency by extracting heat from the flue gases discharged from the final super-heater section of a radiant/reheat unit or the evaporative bank of a non-reheat boiler. Heat is transferred, again, back to the boiler feed-water, which enters at a much lower temperature than saturated steam.   Boiler Economizers are a series of horizontal tubular elements and can be characterized as bare tube and extended surface types. The bare tube includes varying sizes which can be arranged to form hairpin or multi-loop elements. Tubing forming the heating surface is generally made from low-carbon steel. Because steel is subject to corrosion in the presence of even low concentrations of oxygen, water must be practically 100 percent oxygen free. In central stations and other large plants it is common to use deaerators for oxygen removal.   * Waste Heat Recovery Many industrial processes generate large amounts of waste energy that simply pass out of plant stacks and into the atmosphere or are otherwise lost. Most industrial waste heat streams are liquid, gaseous, or a combination of the two and have temperatures from slightly above ambient to over 2000 degrees F. Stack exhaust losses are inherent in all fuel-fired processes and increase with the exhaust temperature and the amount of excess air the exhaust contains. At stack gas temperatures greater than 1000 degrees F, the heat going up the stack is likely to be the single biggest loss in the process. Above 1800 degrees F, stack losses will consume at least half of the total fuel input to the process. Yet, the energy that is recovered from waste heat streams could displace part or all of the energy input needs for a unit operation within a plant. Therefore, waste heat recovery offers a great opportunity to productively use this energy, reducing overall plant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.   Waste heat recovery methods used with industrial process heating operations intercept the waste gases before they leave the process, extract some of the heat they contain, and recycle that heat back to the process.   Common methods of recovering heat include direct heat recovery to the process, recuperators/regenerators, and waste heat boilers. Unfortunately, the economic benefits of waste heat recovery do not justify the cost of these systems in every application. For example, heat recovery from lower temperature waste streams (e.g., hot water or low-temperature flue gas) is thermodynamically limited. Equipment fouling, occurring during the handling of dirty waste streams, is another barrier to more widespread use of heat recovery systems. Innovative, affordable waste heat recovery methods that are ultra-efficient, are applicable to low-temperature streams, or are suitable for use with corrosive or dirty wastes could expand the number of viable applications of waste heat recovery, as well as improve the performance of existing applications.   Various Methods for Recovery of Waste Heat Low-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery Methods A large amount of energy in the form of medium- to low-temperature gases or low-temperature liquids (less than about 250 degrees F) is released from process heating equipment, and much of this energy is wasted.   Conversion of Low Temperature Exhaust Waste Heat making efficient use of the low temperature waste heat generated by prime movers such as micro-turbines, IC engines, fuel cells and other electricity producing technologies. The energy content of the waste heat must be high enough to be able to operate equipment found in cogeneration and trigeneration power and energy systems such as absorption chillers, refrigeration applications, heat amplifiers, dehumidifiers, heat pumps for hot water, turbine inlet air cooling and other similar devices.   Conversion of Low Temperature Waste Heat into Power -The steam-Rankine cycle is the principle method used for producing electric power from high temperature fluid streams. For the conversion of low temperature heat into power, the steam-Rankine cycle may be a possibility, along with other known power cycles, such as the organic-Rankine cycle.   Small to Medium Air-Cooled Commercial Chillers All existing commercial chillers, whether using waste heat, steam or natural gas, are water-cooled (i.e., they must be connected to cooling towers which evaporate water into the atmosphere to aid in cooling). This requirement generally limits the market to large commercial-sized units (150 tons or larger), because of the maintenance requirements for the cooling towers. Additionally, such units consume water for cooling, limiting their application in arid regions of the U.S. No suitable small-to-medium size (15 tons to 200 tons) air-cooled absorption chillers are commercially available for these U.S. climates. A small number of prototype air-cooled absorption chillers have been developed in Japan, but they use hardware technology that is not suited to the hotter temperatures experienced in most locations in the United States. Although developed to work with natural gas firing, these prototype air-cooled absorption chillers would also be suited to use waste heat as the fuel.   Recovery of Waste Heat in Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants In most cogeneration and trigeneration power and energy systems, the exhaust gas from the electric generation equipment is ducted to a heat exchanger to recover the thermal energy in the gas. These heat exchangers are air-to-water heat exchangers, where the exhaust gas flows over some form of tube and fin heat exchange surface and the heat from the exhaust gas is transferred to make hot water or steam. The hot water or steam is then used to provide hot water or steam heating and/or to operate thermally activated equipment, such as an absorption chiller for cooling or a desiccant dehumidifer for dehumidification. Many of the waste heat recovery technologies used in building co/trigeneration systems require hot water, some at moderate pressures of 15 to 150 psig. In the cases where additional steam or pressurized hot water is needed, it may be necessary to provide supplemental heat to the exhaust gas with a duct burner. In some applications air-to-air heat exchangers can be used. In other instances, if the emissions from the generation equipment are low enough, such as is with many of the microturbine technologies, the hot exhaust gases can be mixed with make-up air and vented directly into the heating system for building heating. In the majority of installations, a flapper damper or diverter is employed to vary flow across the heat transfer surfaces of the heat exchanger to maintain a specific design temperature of the hot water or steam generation rate.   Typical Waste Heat Recovery Installation http://www.bchp.org/images/2-3-3HeatRecovery.gifIn some co/trigeneration designs, the exhaust gases can be used to activate a thermal wheel or a desiccant dehumidifier.   Thermal wheels use the exhaust gas to heat a wheel with a medium that absorbs the heat and then transfers the heat when the wheel is rotated into the incoming airflow. A professional engineer should be involved in designing and sizing of the waste heat recovery section. For a proper and economical operation, the design of the heat recovery section involves consideration of many related factors, such as the thermal capacity of the exhaust gases, the exhaust flow rate, the sizing and type of heat exchanger, and the desired parameters over a various range of operating conditions of the co/trigeneration system all of which need to be considered for proper and economical operation.

Damning Guilt in Macbeth Essay -- Free Macbeth Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both main characters in the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth meet unfortunate ends, with this due in part at least to the huge burden of guilt which they must carry through most of the drama. In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeth's guilt and his hallucinations: The future moment is the moment of guilt, and it imposes on one, until it is reached, the intolerable strain of remaining innocent. [. . .] Macbeth's capacity for seeing things that may or may not be there is almost limitless, and the appearance of the mousetrap play to Claudius, though more easily explained, has the same dramatic point as the appearance of Banquo's ghost. (90) Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" asserts that Lady Macbeth was unconscious of her guilt, which nevertheless killed her:    A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons mentions the guilt and ambition of Lady Macbeth and their effect:    [Re "I have given suck" (1.7.54ff.)] Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal ye... ...1957.    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Oedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay -- oedipus Soph

Oedipus and Creon in Sophocles' Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first glance, Oedipus and Creon are two very different people. But as time progresses their personalities and even their fates grow more and more similar. In Sophocles’s play â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus and Creon are two completely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic â€Å"flawed hero†. He becomes arrogant and brash. He accuses Creon and Tiresias of treachery. Even worse however, Oedipus goes against the gods. This causes them to punish him severely. Creon is the exact antithesis of Oedipus. He thinks before he acts. Creon is wise and loyal. In Sophocles’ other play, â€Å"Antigone†, however, he undergoes a drastic personality change. He becomes more and more like Oedipus. Creon commits acts of hubris, kills and humiliates people for no reason whatsoever. Once he realizes the folly of hi s ways, he punishes himself for going against the gods and destroying all that he loved, This is strikingly similar to the story of Oedipus. At first Oedipus and Creon seem like entirely different people. But through the course of events, they share almost identical personalities and even fates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus is a brash and arrogant ruler while Creon is his patient, thoughtful right hand man. After Oedipus and his sons all die and Creon becomes king of Thebes, he begins to grow wilder and even more out of control than Oedipus was. In â€Å"Oedipus the King† Oedipus accused Creon of bribing Tiresias, the blind prophet, to make a prediction that will doom Oedipus. He accuses Creon of â€Å"plotting to kill the king† (189). He does this without any concrete evidence or proof. Oedipus rationalizes that because Creon induced him to â€Å"send for that sanctimonious prophet [Tiresias]† (190), he is responsible for the prophecy. Oedipus assumes that â€Å"if the two of you [Creon and Tiresias] had never put heads together, we would never have heard† (192) the prophecy. Creon even calls Oedipus a man is full of â€Å"crude, mindless stubbornness† (190). Oedipus lashed out at Creon for â€Å"betrayin g a kinsman† (192). He did so without any evidence or proof. He just did accused Creon without thinking about the consequences. Although Creon stands against rashness and unthinking now, he soon becomes another Oedipus. ... ...e world that you can name† (237) Creon receives a very similar punishment. He too, loses all he deems valuable in the world. Creon will not allow Haemon to marry Antigone. He condemns their marriage and greatly distresses his son, Haemon. As a result of Creon’s actions, Haemon commits suicide, â€Å"his blood spilled by his very hand† (120). Eurydice, Creons’s wife, also kills herself. She is so wracked with anguish by Haemon’s suicide, that she â€Å"stabbed herself at the altar† (126). Creon â€Å"murdered†¦ his son†¦ and his wife.† (127). He has nowhere to â€Å"lean to for support† (127) and no-one to â€Å"look to† (127). The chorus sums up his and Oedipus’s fate when they say â€Å" The mighty words of the proud are paid in full with mighty blows of fate, and at long last those blows will teach us wisdom† (128) Creon and Oedipus were obviously very similar people. They both rose through chance and circumstance and they both fell because of their brashness and hubris. Creon started off as a very different person to Oedipus. But once he became king, he immediately became an almost identical person to Oedipus. He was rash, unthinking and uncaring. This resulted in his downfall just as it caused Oedipus’.

Failure and futility Themes in “1984” and “Never Let Me Go” Essay

Comparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels As humans, we judge ourselves by how others perceive us and seek to conform to a universally accepted code of ethics and laws. It is this inherent value that we possess, a conscience that make us different from animals and it is also what is missing to a large extent in Orwell’s â€Å"1984† and Ishiguro’s â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. The futility of relationships in these works is part of what makes the worlds in which they are based seem so bereft of hope and consequently, dystopia in nature. In Orwell’s vision of humanity’s future, the only truly acceptable thing to ‘love’ is Big Brother. The Party restricts all other love so as to break down the ties between family, friends and lovers whilst transferring this loyalty to the Party itself as a form of control. The Party is said to have, â€Å"cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and women.† This does not just show the breakdown of re lationships, but the reduction of the self. The Party is removing the essential links that allow humanity to be more than a collective of individuals and instead uses this to its own ends, although what these are, beyond a desire for control, we never truly discover. It is partly this lack of knowledge of the Party’s overall goals that makes the situation seem so desperate, it is as though love is being removed without explanation or justification, making the whole process seem devoid of hope as there is no specific element against which to rebel. A similar lack of knowledge also plagues the children of Hailsham in â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. Their future is not clearly explained; instead it is an undercurrent to their education that leaves them prepared for, but not truly conscious of, their fate. As Miss Lucy says, the students have been, â€Å"told and not told.† The situation is much the same for the reader, we learn with the children about their function. Thus we can empathise with the characters; the reader feels a part of the story. Setting it in the 1990s also adds to this sense as it is easy to associate with our own lives. It is for this reason that cloning is a key feature of dystopic fiction from the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries as it does not seem a distant concept but a real possibility. Some may see keeping the children in the dark over their fate as a kindness, however in many ways it seems a further cruelty that they are allowed to hope when this will avail them nothing. Miss Lucy goes on to tell  the children that they had been, â€Å"created†, that they were, â€Å"brought into this world for a purpose†¦ [with] futures, †¦ decided.† This is an indication of what is to come for the students, gaining more meaning the further the reader progresses through the novel, it is in reflecting upon events that the true horror is revealed. It is also a symbol of their relationships with the outside world. They cannot become part of a society we would recognise, for this is not their â€Å"purpose† and so they are kept apart from it. The world of the chil dren seems lonely and isolated for this reason, especially so as it is told to them, and us, as fact by someone in a position of authority. This version of their future seems inevitable and so any hope Ishiguro builds in the minds of the reader in the rest of the novel seems almost foolish, as we have been told that Kathy and her companions have only one path to follow. Orwell uses similar devices in â€Å"1984†. We are told in the first chapter after Winston writes in his diary that â€Å"The Thought Police would get him† and yet through the novel, largely thanks to his relationship with Julia, we come to feel that there may be a chance for him. However, as in â€Å"Never Let Me Go†, this is crushed. Both Orwell and Ishiguro give their characters and their audiences hope and despite all else that is wrong in their worlds, they have an intrinsic human emotion to hold on to, but when both stories conclude, this feeling is shown to have been futile and misleading. The traditional structure of society in â€Å"Never Let Me Go† is altered, as there is clearly a subsection of humanity that the dono rs inhabit which is not apparent in our own lives. However, Ishiguro’s world is not so different from our own, Hailsham seems like it could easily be a twentieth century boarding school with the result that the events have a more profound effect on the reader. Orwell uses a slightly different technique as the structure of human life is reduced in â€Å"1984† rather than altered. It is carried out up to the point where, â€Å"No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend†. Instead they turn to the only thing in their life that seems concrete, Big Brother. The Spies are the ultimate example of this because the Party has managed to sever the paternal bond, which should be stronger than almost anything else. The extent to which this is achieved is shown by Parson declaring he is, â€Å"proud† of his daughter for denouncing him as it proves that he, â€Å"brought her up in the right spirit.† It is as though the greatest achievement for a parent has become to create a tool for the  party. Winston sums this up by saying, â€Å"The terrible thing the Party has done was to persuade you that mere impulses, mere feelings, were of no account, while at the same time robbing you of all power over the material world.â₠¬  To protect and nurture your offspring is a natural instinct, but the Party has removed this and in doing so has reduced humanity. It is this that makes the breakdown in the family so crucial to Orwell’s dystopic literature, if the feelings had been punished there is hope for salvation but by removing them, there is no hope for a future where the family is once again a pivotal element within a person’s life. When Orwell was writing there was a strong feeling of despair amongst modernist authors and artists relating to the fracturing of society and the reduction of tradition’s role in people’s lives. This is clearly shown in â€Å"1984† through characters such as Parson. Orwell’s reduction of traditional structures is shocking but also hard to relate to, as it seems so extreme. It can be said that Ishiguro’s alteration may not have the same immediate impact, however this slight apathy is caused by the situation presented being all too possible. On reflection this serves to makes it more disturbing; many groups in society are marginalised and so it is not difficult to imagine a situation where there are ‘clones’ amongst us yet not with us who are treated as an inferior race. Ishiguro demonstrates this through the use of the word, â€Å"completion† when the donors die. This is much like a euphemism for death, something else that is treated as taboo, but â€Å"completion† has far more sinister connotations. It suggests the donors have fulfilled their â€Å"purpose†, particularly as the word â€Å"completion† is usually associated with a positive outcome. This can be interpreted as Ishiguro, as a post-modern author, suggesting that a society relying on such a complex structure, is capable of dehumanising and exploiting the death of fellow humans. This is unlike Orwell in â€Å"1984† who bemoans the fracturing of traditional structures, however both show how the breakdown in relationships and marginalisation of certain groups can remove some essence of humanity and it is through this that the authors present their works as dystopic. Winston identifies this loss when he says â€Å"The Proles are human beings†¦ We are not human† because in comparison to Party members, â€Å"They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another.† Winston himself recognises what it is to be human and sees how he is in some way lacking. He goes on to tell  Julia that they will inevitably be captured and this will leave them both, â€Å"utterly alone† and, â€Å"utterly without power of any kind†. The implication here is that the connection they share is what gives them power but that the Party can overcome this. Despite acknowledging what is necessary to be human and finding his own source of strength, Winston still sees himself as ultimately powerless. Rather than this moment being an epiphany, as you would expect from a traditional hero, Winston is filled with hopelessness and in turn shows his love for Julia as being ultimately futile as it cannot lead to any salvation at all. Julia’s cool acceptance of this only makes it seem more inevitable as she states, â€Å"Everybody always confesses. You can’t help it. They torture you.† The short sentences make each statement a fact rather than a possible future. However we are also given a small glimmer of hope when Winston says to Julia that the, â€Å"real betrayal† would be if they could, â€Å"make me stop loving you† and Julia responds that, â€Å"They can’t do that.† This gives the reader hope that maybe they can best the Party. They may forfeit their lives in doing so but by staying loyal they could prove that love is more powerful than the control of the Party. However this is crushed at the end when they both betray each other. Having demonstrated how important interpersonal relationships are to the nature of humanity, Orwell then shows how easily such relationships can be demolished. This perhaps more than any other feature of â€Å"1984† makes it d ystopic literature as, what is an inherent belief in many that love can overcome any challenge, is destroyed and with it the image of humanity. In â€Å"Never Let Me Go† we are led to believe that what Kathy and Tommy share could be their salvation as we believe that the ‘system’ can be overcome by love. This is shaped by countless stories with which all are familiar where love bests evil. Both Orwell and Ishiguro play on our expectation that a resolution will be found in order to shock the reader to a greater extent when it is shown that hope is lost. This happens in â€Å"Never Let Me Go† as the society presented places small value on these emotions. Miss Emily understands they have, â€Å"hoped carefully† that deferrals might exist, but has to explain to them it was only ever, â€Å"A wishful rumour.† It is this element that shows the dystopic nature of the novel as, up to this point we feel Kathy must achieve some kind of success to fulfil her role as principle character, but it doesn’t happen. The use of the word, â€Å"hoped†, is also key as this is essentially  what the story is about, it reminds the audience that for Kathy and Tommy, their love represents hope of future happiness and leading lives with a meaning beyond being someone else’s spare parts. Both â€Å"1984† and â€Å"Never Let Me Go† demonstrate how fundamental relationships are to human lives. They are what shape us, what allow us to interact with a greater society and what gives us hope. However in both novels relationships are broken down and shown to be futile, in neither do the protagonists find a way to escape their fate through love and nor do they get any real comfort from it as they are always fighting against systems that do not accredit a value to such emotions. It is when these relationships are finally proved to offer little to those involved that faith in a redeeming future is lost in and as such it is when the novels are shown to be dystopic. This is clearly a fundamental element of the authors’ dystopian literature as love tends to be what humankind clings to as the last vestige of hope in a dire situation and even this is removed from these works.